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<p>Ripened Pu-erh tea is prized for its distinctive stale aroma. Methoxy-phenolic compounds, key contributors to this aroma, are produced during pile fermentation; however, the specific microorganisms responsible for their synthesis remain unclear. In this study, we identified the dominant taxa (<i>Aspergillus luchuensis, A. fumigatus, Staphylococcus gallinarum</i>, and <i>S. kloosii</i>) during pile fermentation through morphological analysis and metagenomic profiling. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the pivotal role of methoxy-phenolic compounds in the stale aroma. Moreover, using a metagenomic-based Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) combined with bivariate correlation network analysis, we identified key microbial taxa (<i>Trichomonascus ciferrii</i>, <i>Heyndrickxia coagulans</i> and <i>Enterococcus sp</i>.) involved in the generation of these compounds. Finally, we found that solid-state fermentation involving both dominant and keystone microbial taxa produced the highest levels of methoxy-phenolic compounds. Our findings reveal an inconsistency between dominant high-abundance taxa and keystone microbial taxa responsible for methoxy-phenolic compound synthesis during pile fermentation.</p>

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Keystone microbial taxa in the formation of stale aroma during pile fermentation of ripened Pu-erh tea

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Yiwei Weng,
  • Shiqiang He,
  • Zhengfei Luo,
  • Jin Sun,
  • Qinghua Cheng,
  • Yingjuan Chen,
  • Huarong Tong

摘要

Ripened Pu-erh tea is prized for its distinctive stale aroma. Methoxy-phenolic compounds, key contributors to this aroma, are produced during pile fermentation; however, the specific microorganisms responsible for their synthesis remain unclear. In this study, we identified the dominant taxa (Aspergillus luchuensis, A. fumigatus, Staphylococcus gallinarum, and S. kloosii) during pile fermentation through morphological analysis and metagenomic profiling. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the pivotal role of methoxy-phenolic compounds in the stale aroma. Moreover, using a metagenomic-based Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) combined with bivariate correlation network analysis, we identified key microbial taxa (Trichomonascus ciferrii, Heyndrickxia coagulans and Enterococcus sp.) involved in the generation of these compounds. Finally, we found that solid-state fermentation involving both dominant and keystone microbial taxa produced the highest levels of methoxy-phenolic compounds. Our findings reveal an inconsistency between dominant high-abundance taxa and keystone microbial taxa responsible for methoxy-phenolic compound synthesis during pile fermentation.