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<p>Abstract: Advanced quantum communication protocols require high-visibility quantum interference between photons generated at distant nodes, which places stringent demands on optical synchronization. Conventionally, synchronization of optical wave packets relies on pulsed sources and precise optical path stabilization. An alternative approach employs continuous-wave (CW) photon-pair sources, where temporal indistinguishability of photons is enforced by post-selecting detection events within a coincidence window <i>τ</i><sub><i>w</i></sub> shorter than the photon coherence time <i>T</i><sub><i>c</i></sub>. Despite its conceptual simplicity, the quantitative relation between relevant time scales, achievable interference visibility, and usable multi-photon rates has remained unclear. Here, we develop in detail and experimentally validate a theoretical framework that quantitatively describes time-resolved multi-photon interference in the CW regime. We explicitly incorporate detector timing jitter, photon coherence time, and temporal post-selection. The model is verified using four-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference measurements. Based on this validated framework, we determine the coincidence window that maximizes usable four-photon rates for a target interference visibility. Finally, we compare CW and pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources under equivalent indistinguishability constraints and show that CW operation can achieve comparable rates while relaxing optical synchronization requirements.</p>

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Asynchronous multi-photon interference for quantum networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Baghdasar Baghdasaryan,
  • Karen Lozano-Méndez,
  • Markus Leipe,
  • Meritxell Cabrejo-Ponce,
  • Sabine Häussler,
  • Kaushik Joarder,
  • Tim Gühring,
  • Stephan Fritzsche,
  • Thorsten A. Goebel,
  • Ria G. Krämer,
  • Stefan Nolte,
  • Carlos Andres Melo Luna,
  • Yoshiaki Tsujimoto,
  • Fabian Steinlechner

摘要

Abstract: Advanced quantum communication protocols require high-visibility quantum interference between photons generated at distant nodes, which places stringent demands on optical synchronization. Conventionally, synchronization of optical wave packets relies on pulsed sources and precise optical path stabilization. An alternative approach employs continuous-wave (CW) photon-pair sources, where temporal indistinguishability of photons is enforced by post-selecting detection events within a coincidence window τw shorter than the photon coherence time Tc. Despite its conceptual simplicity, the quantitative relation between relevant time scales, achievable interference visibility, and usable multi-photon rates has remained unclear. Here, we develop in detail and experimentally validate a theoretical framework that quantitatively describes time-resolved multi-photon interference in the CW regime. We explicitly incorporate detector timing jitter, photon coherence time, and temporal post-selection. The model is verified using four-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference measurements. Based on this validated framework, we determine the coincidence window that maximizes usable four-photon rates for a target interference visibility. Finally, we compare CW and pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources under equivalent indistinguishability constraints and show that CW operation can achieve comparable rates while relaxing optical synchronization requirements.