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<p>Noise is usually treated as an obstacle to reliable quantum computation. Here, we show that noisy quantum data can instead enhance classical simulation by introducing the Noisy-device-enhanced Classical Simulation (NDE-CS) protocol. NDE-CS decomposes the expectation value of a target non-Clifford parameterized quantum circuit into a linear combination of expectation values of Clifford circuits. These Clifford circuits are sampled by replacing the rotation gates in the target circuit with Clifford analogs, while preserving the original gate layout and connectivity. The protocol learns highly efficient linear combinations from noisy expectation values on quantum hardware and uses them to reconstruct the noiseless target expectation value. Numerical simulations show that NDE-CS outperforms layer-wise stabilizer Monte Carlo baselines and, for two specific circuit families, requires substantially fewer resources than Sparse Pauli Dynamics (SPD), highlighting its complementary role to SPD. Lastly, we experimentally implement NDE-CS on a superconducting quantum processor, demonstrating that the protocol remains effective on real-world quantum hardware.</p>

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Enhancing classical simulation with noisy quantum devices

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Ruiqi Zhang,
  • Fuchuan Wei,
  • Zhaohui Wei

摘要

Noise is usually treated as an obstacle to reliable quantum computation. Here, we show that noisy quantum data can instead enhance classical simulation by introducing the Noisy-device-enhanced Classical Simulation (NDE-CS) protocol. NDE-CS decomposes the expectation value of a target non-Clifford parameterized quantum circuit into a linear combination of expectation values of Clifford circuits. These Clifford circuits are sampled by replacing the rotation gates in the target circuit with Clifford analogs, while preserving the original gate layout and connectivity. The protocol learns highly efficient linear combinations from noisy expectation values on quantum hardware and uses them to reconstruct the noiseless target expectation value. Numerical simulations show that NDE-CS outperforms layer-wise stabilizer Monte Carlo baselines and, for two specific circuit families, requires substantially fewer resources than Sparse Pauli Dynamics (SPD), highlighting its complementary role to SPD. Lastly, we experimentally implement NDE-CS on a superconducting quantum processor, demonstrating that the protocol remains effective on real-world quantum hardware.