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<p>C<sub>4</sub> plants operate a highly efficient photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> concentrating mechanism. However, C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis represented by maize is based on the typical Kranz-type leaf anatomy, which involves complex regulation of vascular development coupling with metabolic distribution. To explore the possibility of using alternative C<sub>4</sub> leaf anatomy as reference for engineering C<sub>3</sub> crops, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the genome of <i>Arundinella anomala</i>, a C<sub>4</sub> grass with variant Kranz anatomy and interveinal distinctive cells (DC). Following single-cell level transcriptomes for comparative analyses between C<sub>4</sub> bundle sheath and DC cells, genetic and metabolic support for the intensified C<sub>4</sub> function of DC cells were observed, including increased cyclic photosynthetic electron transport, carbon fixation and starch synthesis. Further, the mechanism involving <i>SHORT-ROOT</i> (<i>SHR</i>) and auxin to trigger independent development or proliferation of DC cells was explored. Notably, spaced distribution of DC-like cells can be achieved in rice leaves by inducing the expression of <i>ZmSHR1</i>. This work laid a foundation for introducing functional DC-like cells among the intervascular mesophyll cells of C<sub>3</sub> grass leaves, and provided resources and strategies for engineering C<sub>4</sub> traits into C<sub>3</sub> crops.</p>

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Assembly of Arundinella anomala genome to facilitate single-cell resolved functional and developmental characterization of C4 distinctive cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Hong Su,
  • Yan Li,
  • Yonghe Chen,
  • Hengyun Lu,
  • Rui Zhang,
  • Wentao Dong,
  • Bin Han,
  • Qiang Zhao,
  • Peng Wang

摘要

C4 plants operate a highly efficient photosynthetic CO2 concentrating mechanism. However, C4 photosynthesis represented by maize is based on the typical Kranz-type leaf anatomy, which involves complex regulation of vascular development coupling with metabolic distribution. To explore the possibility of using alternative C4 leaf anatomy as reference for engineering C3 crops, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the genome of Arundinella anomala, a C4 grass with variant Kranz anatomy and interveinal distinctive cells (DC). Following single-cell level transcriptomes for comparative analyses between C4 bundle sheath and DC cells, genetic and metabolic support for the intensified C4 function of DC cells were observed, including increased cyclic photosynthetic electron transport, carbon fixation and starch synthesis. Further, the mechanism involving SHORT-ROOT (SHR) and auxin to trigger independent development or proliferation of DC cells was explored. Notably, spaced distribution of DC-like cells can be achieved in rice leaves by inducing the expression of ZmSHR1. This work laid a foundation for introducing functional DC-like cells among the intervascular mesophyll cells of C3 grass leaves, and provided resources and strategies for engineering C4 traits into C3 crops.