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<p>Understanding how ecosystems sustain plant nitrogen (N) supply under climate change is critical, yet whether increasing plant N demand is met by external inputs or mobilization of soil N reserves remains unresolved. Here we show that climate change increases plant reliance on soil N reserves despite intensive fertilization. Using a two-year <sup>15</sup>N-tracing experiment combining elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, warming, and drought in a montane grassland, we found that plants obtained 82–88% of their N from soil and acquired 4.6–7.3 times more N from soil than from fertilizer despite high N inputs. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and warming increased plant uptake of soil-derived N but not fertilizer N. Consequently, plant N export exceeded fertilizer inputs, causing ecosystem N deficits and depletion of soil N stocks, with the strongest soil N mining under combined elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and warming. Our findings reveal that climate change accelerates biological mining of soil N reserves, potentially constraining the long-term sustainability of intensively managed agroecosystems.</p>

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Elevated CO2 and warming intensify plant reliance on soil nitrogen reserves despite intensive fertilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Yuhao Zhu,
  • Li Wan,
  • Longlong Xia,
  • Klaus Butterbach-Bahl,
  • Michael Dannenmann,
  • Clemens Scheer,
  • Nadine K. Ruehr,
  • Benjamin Wolf,
  • Xiaoyuan Yan,
  • Zhijun Wei,
  • Peter B. Reich,
  • Yiqi Luo,
  • Pete Smith,
  • Josep Peñuelas,
  • Michael Schloter,
  • Stefanie Schulz,
  • Ralf Kiese

摘要

Understanding how ecosystems sustain plant nitrogen (N) supply under climate change is critical, yet whether increasing plant N demand is met by external inputs or mobilization of soil N reserves remains unresolved. Here we show that climate change increases plant reliance on soil N reserves despite intensive fertilization. Using a two-year 15N-tracing experiment combining elevated CO2, warming, and drought in a montane grassland, we found that plants obtained 82–88% of their N from soil and acquired 4.6–7.3 times more N from soil than from fertilizer despite high N inputs. Elevated CO2 and warming increased plant uptake of soil-derived N but not fertilizer N. Consequently, plant N export exceeded fertilizer inputs, causing ecosystem N deficits and depletion of soil N stocks, with the strongest soil N mining under combined elevated CO2 and warming. Our findings reveal that climate change accelerates biological mining of soil N reserves, potentially constraining the long-term sustainability of intensively managed agroecosystems.