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<p>Oceanic trench bending over 1000 km occurs globally, with notable along-trench variations in mantle wedge thermochemistry. However, the mechanisms influencing both shallow trench geometry and deep mantle state remain unclear. Here we focus on the Mariana Trench as a representative case. Our 3D model successfully replicates its curved geometry. Modeling results further reveal that extensive intra-oceanic trench retreat and bending occur when the incoming plate features sharp density variations along the trench accompanied by a large buoyant segment (e.g., the Caroline Plate). In this scenario, significant dynamic pressure fluctuations develop in the mantle wedge, generating vigorous toroidal flow extending &gt;1000 km from the buoyant segment, even under non-linear mantle rheology. The model-predicted toroidal flow transports warm mantle materials, reshaping local topography, rejuvenate the mantle wedge, and heating the slab surface to facilitate volatile release. These experiments highlight toroidal flow as a key regular of both large-scale trench bending and along-trench thermochemical variations.</p>

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Modulation of intra-oceanic trench bending and along-trench thermochemical transport by mantle toroidal flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Liang Liu,
  • Zebin Cao,
  • Jason P. Morgan,
  • Lijun Liu,
  • Shi-Mai Long,
  • Yuan-Yuan Hua,
  • Hong-Yan Li,
  • Yi-Gang Xu

摘要

Oceanic trench bending over 1000 km occurs globally, with notable along-trench variations in mantle wedge thermochemistry. However, the mechanisms influencing both shallow trench geometry and deep mantle state remain unclear. Here we focus on the Mariana Trench as a representative case. Our 3D model successfully replicates its curved geometry. Modeling results further reveal that extensive intra-oceanic trench retreat and bending occur when the incoming plate features sharp density variations along the trench accompanied by a large buoyant segment (e.g., the Caroline Plate). In this scenario, significant dynamic pressure fluctuations develop in the mantle wedge, generating vigorous toroidal flow extending >1000 km from the buoyant segment, even under non-linear mantle rheology. The model-predicted toroidal flow transports warm mantle materials, reshaping local topography, rejuvenate the mantle wedge, and heating the slab surface to facilitate volatile release. These experiments highlight toroidal flow as a key regular of both large-scale trench bending and along-trench thermochemical variations.