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<p>Scalable manufacturing of perovskite solar cells is fundamentally limited by the vulnerability of perovskite crystallization to ambient moisture and oxygen, particularly during blade coating where an extended pre-annealing interval exposes unstable intermediates. Here, we introduce a surface-confined protection strategy to intrinsically stabilize perovskite film formation under ambient conditions. By introducing dipropylammonium trifluoroacetate (DPTA) into the perovskite precursor ink to spontaneously form a dense and self-assembled surface layer, selectively shielding the wet perovskite pre-film from environmental attack during the critical pre-annealing stage. This transient yet effective barrier preserves the PbI<sub>2</sub>·NMP intermediate to prevent pre-annealing degradation of the perovskite lattice even at high humidity. Simultaneously, the multifunctional ionic nature of DPTA allows strong coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the perovskite lattice, leading to reduced bulk and interfacial defects. As a result, air-processed blade-coated MA-free perovskite solar cells reach an efficiency of 26.14% (certified at 25.75%), and retain 93.11% of the initial efficiency after 1300 h under continuous 1 sun illumination tested at maximum-power-point. The strategy readily translates to manufacturing-relevant perovskite solar modules, delivering 22.72%-efficiency on substrate area of 100 × 100 mm<sup>2</sup>. These results establish surface-confined protection as a general principle for scalable perovskite photovoltaics under ambient conditions.</p>

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Surface-confined protection stabilizes pre-annealing crystallization for ambient blade-coated perovskites

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Lianjie Duan,
  • Ruixia Yang,
  • Shaoan Yang,
  • Zuhong Li,
  • Zhihua Zhang,
  • Xuejie Zhu,
  • Shengzhong Frank Liu,
  • Dong Yang

摘要

Scalable manufacturing of perovskite solar cells is fundamentally limited by the vulnerability of perovskite crystallization to ambient moisture and oxygen, particularly during blade coating where an extended pre-annealing interval exposes unstable intermediates. Here, we introduce a surface-confined protection strategy to intrinsically stabilize perovskite film formation under ambient conditions. By introducing dipropylammonium trifluoroacetate (DPTA) into the perovskite precursor ink to spontaneously form a dense and self-assembled surface layer, selectively shielding the wet perovskite pre-film from environmental attack during the critical pre-annealing stage. This transient yet effective barrier preserves the PbI2·NMP intermediate to prevent pre-annealing degradation of the perovskite lattice even at high humidity. Simultaneously, the multifunctional ionic nature of DPTA allows strong coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the perovskite lattice, leading to reduced bulk and interfacial defects. As a result, air-processed blade-coated MA-free perovskite solar cells reach an efficiency of 26.14% (certified at 25.75%), and retain 93.11% of the initial efficiency after 1300 h under continuous 1 sun illumination tested at maximum-power-point. The strategy readily translates to manufacturing-relevant perovskite solar modules, delivering 22.72%-efficiency on substrate area of 100 × 100 mm2. These results establish surface-confined protection as a general principle for scalable perovskite photovoltaics under ambient conditions.