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<p>The inherent instability of ruthenium oxide in acidic environments, coupled with the persistent activity-stability trade-off, constitutes a fundamental barrier to advancement of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Here we show a cavitation-mediated sonochemical strategy that enables homogeneous substitutional boron doping of ruthenium oxide within minutes under ambient conditions. By substituting lattice ruthenium sites and forming strong covalent boron-oxygen bonds, boron doping enhances the intrinsic activity and stability by optimizing oxygen-intermediate adsorption and suppressing lattice oxygen participation, thereby mitigating catalyst degradation. The resulting boron-doped ruthenium oxide exhibits a low overpotential of 180 mV at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> with long-term durability (&gt;3000 h). In proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers, this catalyst achieves industrial current densities (1 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.714 V) for over 200 h with a negligible voltage degradation rate of 65.0 μV h<sup>−1</sup>. This work demonstrates the potential of cavitation-mediated sonochemistry for synthesizing efficient catalysts with enhanced stability and provides insights into the design of doped oxide materials.</p>

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Sonochemical boron incorporation enhances activity and durability of ruthenium oxide for acidic water oxidation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Tianrui Xue,
  • Zhongliang Liu,
  • Heng Liu,
  • Shiqi Li,
  • Yiting Song,
  • Zhen He,
  • Yongjun Shen,
  • Kai Zhou,
  • Shixin Yin,
  • Jian Zhang,
  • Jiayan Huang,
  • Yi Shi,
  • Hao Li,
  • Zhen-Yu Wu,
  • Huihui Li,
  • Chunzhong Li,
  • Shu-Hong Yu

摘要

The inherent instability of ruthenium oxide in acidic environments, coupled with the persistent activity-stability trade-off, constitutes a fundamental barrier to advancement of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Here we show a cavitation-mediated sonochemical strategy that enables homogeneous substitutional boron doping of ruthenium oxide within minutes under ambient conditions. By substituting lattice ruthenium sites and forming strong covalent boron-oxygen bonds, boron doping enhances the intrinsic activity and stability by optimizing oxygen-intermediate adsorption and suppressing lattice oxygen participation, thereby mitigating catalyst degradation. The resulting boron-doped ruthenium oxide exhibits a low overpotential of 180 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with long-term durability (>3000 h). In proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers, this catalyst achieves industrial current densities (1 A cm−2 at 1.714 V) for over 200 h with a negligible voltage degradation rate of 65.0 μV h−1. This work demonstrates the potential of cavitation-mediated sonochemistry for synthesizing efficient catalysts with enhanced stability and provides insights into the design of doped oxide materials.