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<p>Foxtail millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) has lagged in yield compared with major cereals, largely due to suboptimal architecture. Here, we report a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assembly of the dwarf, multi-tillering cultivar Dungu and identify <i>SiSD1</i> (<i>Semi Dwarf 1</i>) via map-based cloning. This gene encodes GA20ox2, the rice <i>SD1</i> ortholog involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. The loss-of-function s<i>isd1</i> reduces bioactive gibberellins and remodels nitrogen metabolism, conferring semi-dwarfism, increased tillering, and higher yield. Critically, the semi-dominantly heterozygous <i>SiSD1/sisd1</i> in F<sub>1</sub> hybrids optimally balances stature, tillering, and nitrogen acquisition to drive yield heterosis. Genotype surveys confirm the prevalence of this allele in elite commercial hybrids, including the high-yield hybrid Zhangzagu series. Mechanistically, the SiSLR1-SiERF7/073 module precisely regulates <i>SiSD1</i> transcription. D157E substitution in <i>SiSD1</i> relative to its wild progenitor attenuates GA biosynthesis and has been favored during domestication. Collectively, <i>SiSD1</i> functions as a pleiotropic integrator of development and nitrogen physiology, and deployment of its heterozygosity offers a targeted breeding strategy for crop improvement.</p>

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A domestication gene links plant architecture and nitrogen metabolism to enhance yield in foxtail millet

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Chenyan Wang,
  • Kai Zhao,
  • Hui Zhang,
  • Chenyang Xu,
  • Yuqing Xu,
  • Xueyin Li,
  • Shen Shen,
  • Jing Pan,
  • Yan Chen,
  • Haoyuan An,
  • Tiantian Duan,
  • Yue Li,
  • Zhiying Ma,
  • Shuang Yang,
  • Xiaoyu Wang,
  • Qiang Liu,
  • Ludan Zhang,
  • Pengfei Wang,
  • Yuanhuai Han,
  • Xiangdong Fu,
  • Zhaosheng Kong,
  • Shuansuo Wang

摘要

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) has lagged in yield compared with major cereals, largely due to suboptimal architecture. Here, we report a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assembly of the dwarf, multi-tillering cultivar Dungu and identify SiSD1 (Semi Dwarf 1) via map-based cloning. This gene encodes GA20ox2, the rice SD1 ortholog involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. The loss-of-function sisd1 reduces bioactive gibberellins and remodels nitrogen metabolism, conferring semi-dwarfism, increased tillering, and higher yield. Critically, the semi-dominantly heterozygous SiSD1/sisd1 in F1 hybrids optimally balances stature, tillering, and nitrogen acquisition to drive yield heterosis. Genotype surveys confirm the prevalence of this allele in elite commercial hybrids, including the high-yield hybrid Zhangzagu series. Mechanistically, the SiSLR1-SiERF7/073 module precisely regulates SiSD1 transcription. D157E substitution in SiSD1 relative to its wild progenitor attenuates GA biosynthesis and has been favored during domestication. Collectively, SiSD1 functions as a pleiotropic integrator of development and nitrogen physiology, and deployment of its heterozygosity offers a targeted breeding strategy for crop improvement.