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<p>Hybrid sterility limits the use of strong interspecific heterosis and <i>S19</i> is a major locus that confers hybrid sterility between <i>Oryza sativa</i> (Asian cultivated rice) and <i>Oryza glaberrima</i> (African cultivated rice). However, the <i>S19</i> is not yet cloned and its underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we identify two closely&#xa0;linked genes (<i>S19A1</i> and <i>S19A7</i>) specific to African rice allele that encode a killer–protector module at the <i>S19</i> locus. Two alternatively spliced transcripts expressed from the killer gene <i>S19A1</i> (<i>S19A1.1</i> and <i>S19A1.2</i>) encode mitochondria-targeted cytotoxic proteins that cause toxicity diversity for somatic and/or gametic cell death, respectively. However, S19A7 interacts with S19A1.1 and S19A1.2, blocking their cytotoxic effect. Because the Asian rice <i>S19</i> allele lacks <i>S19A1</i> and <i>S19A7</i>, male gametes that carry this allele are selectively aborted in Asian–African F<sub>1</sub> hybrids. Knockout of <i>S19A1</i> can overcome <i>S19</i>-mediated hybrid sterility. Haplotype analysis reveals that the functional <i>S19</i> allele is absent in non-AA-genome <i>Oryza</i> species and likely emerged in the <i>O. barthii</i><b>–</b><i>O. glaberrima</i> lineage through a multi-step evolutionary process. Our findings provide insight into the genetic mechanisms responsible for hybrid sterility between Asian and African rice and suggest genetic and biotechnological strategies for the use of interspecific heterosis in rice.</p>

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Alternatively spliced killer–protector system confers S19-mediated hybrid male sterility in rice

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Jintao Tang,
  • Huina Wang,
  • Yaoming Feng,
  • Shunmei Li,
  • Ruiying Liu,
  • Zixu Zhang,
  • Shaotong Chen,
  • Shuangchun Li,
  • Xianrong Xie,
  • Heying Li,
  • Zuofeng Zhu,
  • Yao-Guang Liu,
  • Yongyao Xie,
  • Letian Chen

摘要

Hybrid sterility limits the use of strong interspecific heterosis and S19 is a major locus that confers hybrid sterility between Oryza sativa (Asian cultivated rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African cultivated rice). However, the S19 is not yet cloned and its underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we identify two closely linked genes (S19A1 and S19A7) specific to African rice allele that encode a killer–protector module at the S19 locus. Two alternatively spliced transcripts expressed from the killer gene S19A1 (S19A1.1 and S19A1.2) encode mitochondria-targeted cytotoxic proteins that cause toxicity diversity for somatic and/or gametic cell death, respectively. However, S19A7 interacts with S19A1.1 and S19A1.2, blocking their cytotoxic effect. Because the Asian rice S19 allele lacks S19A1 and S19A7, male gametes that carry this allele are selectively aborted in Asian–African F1 hybrids. Knockout of S19A1 can overcome S19-mediated hybrid sterility. Haplotype analysis reveals that the functional S19 allele is absent in non-AA-genome Oryza species and likely emerged in the O. barthii–O. glaberrima lineage through a multi-step evolutionary process. Our findings provide insight into the genetic mechanisms responsible for hybrid sterility between Asian and African rice and suggest genetic and biotechnological strategies for the use of interspecific heterosis in rice.