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<p>Electrochemical intercalation materials offer selective lithium recovery from saline streams, but conventional electrode architectures impose scale-up constraints. Here we report an electrode-free bioelectrochemical intercalation process in which a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> MR-1, drives lithium uptake into λ-MnO<sub>2</sub>. The system self-assembles into microbe–mineral agglomerates that sustain electrochemical-rate intercalation without external wiring, forming a recoverable lithiated slurry. Over 95% of lithium was recovered from seawater within hours, with less than 1% co-intercalation of competing metal ions. Bottom-up self-agglomeration, in which extracellular and cell-surface cytochromes facilitate efficient electron transfer, enables scale-up. The generality and energetic basis of this mechanism are further supported by reproducing the key behaviour in an orthogonal FePO<sub>4</sub> host with negligible abiotic reactivity. Techno-economic and life-cycle analyses for Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> production suggest that the process reduces brine water loss while maintaining competitive costs. These results establish self-assembled bioelectrochemical intercalation as a route to lithium recovery from saline streams.</p>

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Electrode-free bioelectrochemical intercalation for scalable lithium recovery

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Kohei Shimokawa,
  • Duyen Minh Pham,
  • Heng Yi Teah,
  • Xizi Long,
  • Yasunori Kikuchi,
  • Akihiro Okamoto

摘要

Electrochemical intercalation materials offer selective lithium recovery from saline streams, but conventional electrode architectures impose scale-up constraints. Here we report an electrode-free bioelectrochemical intercalation process in which a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, drives lithium uptake into λ-MnO2. The system self-assembles into microbe–mineral agglomerates that sustain electrochemical-rate intercalation without external wiring, forming a recoverable lithiated slurry. Over 95% of lithium was recovered from seawater within hours, with less than 1% co-intercalation of competing metal ions. Bottom-up self-agglomeration, in which extracellular and cell-surface cytochromes facilitate efficient electron transfer, enables scale-up. The generality and energetic basis of this mechanism are further supported by reproducing the key behaviour in an orthogonal FePO4 host with negligible abiotic reactivity. Techno-economic and life-cycle analyses for Li2CO3 production suggest that the process reduces brine water loss while maintaining competitive costs. These results establish self-assembled bioelectrochemical intercalation as a route to lithium recovery from saline streams.