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<p>Silicon spin qubits offer high-fidelity control and semiconductor manufacturing compatibility. However, the systematic generation and characterization of multiparticle entanglement, a core resource for quantum information science, remain elusive in such systems. Here, we demonstrate the complete preparation of all nine canonical families of four-qubit entanglement between donor spins in silicon, by designing hardware-efficient quantum circuits that use native multi-qubit operations. We employ advanced overlapping tomography and multifaceted verification to fully characterize these states. Our results confirm genuine multiparticle entanglement, resolve their entanglement structure, and assess their robustness under qubit loss. Moreover, we observe significant violations of multiparticle Bell-type inequalities for genuine four-qubit nonlocality. On the prepared Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, we further uncover a noise-induced entanglement dynamics from distillable to bound and finally to separable, with bound entanglement unlocked via joint measurement. This work generates diverse entanglement resources alongside their complete characterization, establishing a foundation for entanglement-enabled quantum applications in silicon.</p>

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Multiparticle entanglement of nuclear spins in silicon

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Feng Xu,
  • Yi Deng,
  • Guangchong Hu,
  • Kada Yang,
  • Chunhui Li,
  • Chao Wei,
  • Shihang Zhang,
  • Chunhui Zhang,
  • Peng Du,
  • Keji Shi,
  • Mingchao Duan,
  • Tianluo Pan,
  • Zhen Tian,
  • Peihao Huang,
  • Guanyong Wang,
  • Song Liu,
  • Dapeng Yu,
  • Yu He,
  • Tao Xin

摘要

Silicon spin qubits offer high-fidelity control and semiconductor manufacturing compatibility. However, the systematic generation and characterization of multiparticle entanglement, a core resource for quantum information science, remain elusive in such systems. Here, we demonstrate the complete preparation of all nine canonical families of four-qubit entanglement between donor spins in silicon, by designing hardware-efficient quantum circuits that use native multi-qubit operations. We employ advanced overlapping tomography and multifaceted verification to fully characterize these states. Our results confirm genuine multiparticle entanglement, resolve their entanglement structure, and assess their robustness under qubit loss. Moreover, we observe significant violations of multiparticle Bell-type inequalities for genuine four-qubit nonlocality. On the prepared Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, we further uncover a noise-induced entanglement dynamics from distillable to bound and finally to separable, with bound entanglement unlocked via joint measurement. This work generates diverse entanglement resources alongside their complete characterization, establishing a foundation for entanglement-enabled quantum applications in silicon.