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<p>Electron-ion equilibration dynamics in samples driven into superheated states with multi-eV electron temperatures represent a fundamental process in nonequilibrium physics. A clear picture of the evolving ion temperature is essential for understanding the strength of the electron-ion coupling. However, direct, model-independent measurements of the ion temperature in laser-irradiated samples have remained experimentally elusive. Using inelastic X-ray scattering with meV-resolution in gold samples, the ion response to ultrafast heating by the hot electrons can be resolved, quantifying the electron-ion equilibration dynamics. We report measurements revealing a strongly enhanced energy transfer rate compared to that in weakly excited gold. Moreover, we obtain a quasi-constant electron-ion coupling at the highly elevated electron temperatures. These results place new constraints on electron-ion energy transfer in warm dense matter and establish a path toward quantitative benchmarking of models for nonequilibrium dynamics.</p>

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Electron-ion equilibration in superheated gold

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Travis D. Griffin,
  • Dirk O. Gericke,
  • Daniel Haden,
  • Hae Ja Lee,
  • Eric Galtier,
  • Eric Cunningham,
  • Dimitri Khaghani,
  • Michael Larsen,
  • Lennart Wollenweber,
  • Ben Armentrout,
  • Carson Convery,
  • Karen Appel,
  • Gilliss Dyer,
  • Luke B. Fletcher,
  • Sebastian Göde,
  • J. B. Hastings,
  • Jeremy Iratcabal,
  • Emma E. McBride,
  • Jacob Molina,
  • Giulio Monaco,
  • Landon Morrison,
  • Hunter Stramel,
  • Sameen Yunus,
  • Ulf Zastrau,
  • Siegfried H. Glenzer,
  • Gianluca Gregori,
  • Bob Nagler,
  • Thomas G. White

摘要

Electron-ion equilibration dynamics in samples driven into superheated states with multi-eV electron temperatures represent a fundamental process in nonequilibrium physics. A clear picture of the evolving ion temperature is essential for understanding the strength of the electron-ion coupling. However, direct, model-independent measurements of the ion temperature in laser-irradiated samples have remained experimentally elusive. Using inelastic X-ray scattering with meV-resolution in gold samples, the ion response to ultrafast heating by the hot electrons can be resolved, quantifying the electron-ion equilibration dynamics. We report measurements revealing a strongly enhanced energy transfer rate compared to that in weakly excited gold. Moreover, we obtain a quasi-constant electron-ion coupling at the highly elevated electron temperatures. These results place new constraints on electron-ion energy transfer in warm dense matter and establish a path toward quantitative benchmarking of models for nonequilibrium dynamics.