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<p>The coupling between ionic and electronic species and their dynamic interplay lay the foundation for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) to transduce and amplify bio(chemical) signals through ion-modulated conductivity. However, the operation of most reported OECTs is typically dominated by single ions, e.g. anions for p-type accumulation devices, mainly due to the challenge of regulating ion dynamics to enable both types of ions to play a role during the electrochemical doping process. In this study, we propose that electrochemical doping of an OECT channel can occur via an anion-cation dual-doping mechanism, where cation expulsion and anion injection occur simultaneously. By designing a p-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor, Pu2gT, with strong side chain-cation interactions, we successfully decelerate the cation transport dynamics, allowing the dual-doping process to occur. As a result, Pu2gT OECT exhibits improved current sensitivity compared with the anion-dominated counterpart, showing potential in high-quality electrocardiogram signal acquisition and ion concentration discrimination. Furthermore, incorporating crown ether additives into Pu2gT enhances the dual-doping effect by further delaying cation dynamics, leading to even higher device performance. This dual-doping mechanism deepens the understanding of OECT working principles and opens avenues for achieving state-of-the-art bioelectronic devices.</p>

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Delayed cation dynamics enables dual-doped organic electrochemical transistors with high current sensitivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Sen Zhang,
  • Bingjun Wang,
  • Nicholas Siemons,
  • Iona Anderson,
  • Shijie Wang,
  • Yuxin Kong,
  • Jin-Ting Ye,
  • Xian-Kai Chen,
  • Minning Wang,
  • Xiao Yu,
  • Chi-Yuan Yang,
  • Yuxiang Li,
  • Simone Fabiano,
  • Jenny Nelson,
  • Wei Ma

摘要

The coupling between ionic and electronic species and their dynamic interplay lay the foundation for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) to transduce and amplify bio(chemical) signals through ion-modulated conductivity. However, the operation of most reported OECTs is typically dominated by single ions, e.g. anions for p-type accumulation devices, mainly due to the challenge of regulating ion dynamics to enable both types of ions to play a role during the electrochemical doping process. In this study, we propose that electrochemical doping of an OECT channel can occur via an anion-cation dual-doping mechanism, where cation expulsion and anion injection occur simultaneously. By designing a p-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor, Pu2gT, with strong side chain-cation interactions, we successfully decelerate the cation transport dynamics, allowing the dual-doping process to occur. As a result, Pu2gT OECT exhibits improved current sensitivity compared with the anion-dominated counterpart, showing potential in high-quality electrocardiogram signal acquisition and ion concentration discrimination. Furthermore, incorporating crown ether additives into Pu2gT enhances the dual-doping effect by further delaying cation dynamics, leading to even higher device performance. This dual-doping mechanism deepens the understanding of OECT working principles and opens avenues for achieving state-of-the-art bioelectronic devices.