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<p>In ocean carbon budget assessments, sea ice is still treated as an impermeable barrier, rather than a dynamic interface mediating CO₂ exchange between ocean and atmosphere. We compiled more than 6000 chamber-based air–ice CO₂ flux measurements from the Arctic and Southern Oceans between 2003 and 2021, spanning diverse ice, snow, and seasonal conditions. These data show that sea ice releases CO₂ in winter and absorbs it in summer, with summer uptake offsetting winter emissions. On an annual basis, sea ice represents a small net CO₂ source of +4 Tg C yr⁻¹ in the Arctic and +2 Tg C yr⁻¹ in the Southern Ocean, challenging earlier views of a major sink. Although these fluxes are negligible at basin scales relative to open-ocean uptake, sea ice exchanges gases even in cold winter conditions, with implications for small-scale processes and other trace gases, underscoring the need for sustained, process-resolving observations.</p>

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Impact of air-ice CO2 fluxes on polar ocean carbon budgets from a bipolar data compilation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Odile Crabeck,
  • Daiki Nomura,
  • Laique M. Djeutchouang,
  • Victoria R. Dutch,
  • Sebastien Moreau,
  • G. T. Else Brent,
  • Lisa A. Miller,
  • Bruno Delille

摘要

In ocean carbon budget assessments, sea ice is still treated as an impermeable barrier, rather than a dynamic interface mediating CO₂ exchange between ocean and atmosphere. We compiled more than 6000 chamber-based air–ice CO₂ flux measurements from the Arctic and Southern Oceans between 2003 and 2021, spanning diverse ice, snow, and seasonal conditions. These data show that sea ice releases CO₂ in winter and absorbs it in summer, with summer uptake offsetting winter emissions. On an annual basis, sea ice represents a small net CO₂ source of +4 Tg C yr⁻¹ in the Arctic and +2 Tg C yr⁻¹ in the Southern Ocean, challenging earlier views of a major sink. Although these fluxes are negligible at basin scales relative to open-ocean uptake, sea ice exchanges gases even in cold winter conditions, with implications for small-scale processes and other trace gases, underscoring the need for sustained, process-resolving observations.