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<p>Mucosal immunity is an important correlate of protection against respiratory infections such as SARS-CoV-2. Comparing B cell responses to vaccines and infection at relevant mucosal sites may provide unique and important insights into tissue immunity. Here, we characterize antigen-specific B cells in the tonsils, adenoids, and peripheral blood of children who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. SARS-CoV-2-specific switched memory B cells (B<sub>SM</sub>) are found in the pharyngeal lymphoid tissues and blood after vaccination or infection. However, infection generates a higher proportion of IgA<sup>+</sup> B<sub>SM</sub> and CXCR3<sup>+</sup>CD21<sup>+</sup> B<sub>SM</sub>. CXCR3<sup>+</sup>CD21<sup>+</sup> B<sub>SM</sub> show distinct spatial localization, greater clonal expansion and increased propensity for plasma cell differentiation compared to their CXCR3<sup>-</sup> counterparts, accompanied by persistent activation of innate and T follicular helper cells in the tissues. Our data provide evidence for tissue-specific B cell memory after either SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection, but with distinct characteristics that can influence the quality, durability, and localization of immunity.</p>

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SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit distinct pharyngeal mucosal B cell responses in children

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Qin Xu,
  • Lihong Shi,
  • Liya Wang,
  • Foo Cheung,
  • Aparna Kotekar,
  • Galina Koroleva,
  • Elizabeth Rice,
  • Richard Apps,
  • Justin Lack,
  • Craig Martens,
  • Iyadh Douagi,
  • Can Liu,
  • Juraj Kabat,
  • Hengameh Behzadpour,
  • Lela Kardava,
  • Tovah E. Markowitz,
  • Margery Smelkinson,
  • Kenneth B. Hoehn,
  • Clarisa M. Buckner,
  • Dominic P. Golec,
  • Lorenza Bellusci,
  • Gabrielle Grubbs,
  • Sara Pourhashemi,
  • Juanjie Tang,
  • Asya Khleborodova,
  • Martha Kirby,
  • Rachel Sparks,
  • Andrew J. Martins,
  • John S. Tsang,
  • Susan Moir,
  • Surender Khurana,
  • Pamela Mudd,
  • Pamela L. Schwartzberg,
  • Kalpana Manthiram

摘要

Mucosal immunity is an important correlate of protection against respiratory infections such as SARS-CoV-2. Comparing B cell responses to vaccines and infection at relevant mucosal sites may provide unique and important insights into tissue immunity. Here, we characterize antigen-specific B cells in the tonsils, adenoids, and peripheral blood of children who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. SARS-CoV-2-specific switched memory B cells (BSM) are found in the pharyngeal lymphoid tissues and blood after vaccination or infection. However, infection generates a higher proportion of IgA+ BSM and CXCR3+CD21+ BSM. CXCR3+CD21+ BSM show distinct spatial localization, greater clonal expansion and increased propensity for plasma cell differentiation compared to their CXCR3- counterparts, accompanied by persistent activation of innate and T follicular helper cells in the tissues. Our data provide evidence for tissue-specific B cell memory after either SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection, but with distinct characteristics that can influence the quality, durability, and localization of immunity.