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<p>Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are innate immune transcription factors responsible for inducing the expression of type I interferons (IFN-I), which combat pathogen invasions via initiating the downstream Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Among them, IRF7 plays a central role by forming heterodimers with IRF3 to initiate IFN-I production and is therefore frequently targeted by viruses to evade immune detection. Contrary to this common paradigm, we show that IRF7 is activated and upregulated by the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), via its oncoprotein HBZ. Moreover, IRF7 is highly expressed in HTLV-1 induced CD4 T-cell malignancy named adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and promotes the proliferation of infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, HBZ is able to interfere with the interaction of IRF7 and IRF3, suppressing IFN-I pathway activation. On the other hand, IRF7 was found to upregulate and activate STAT5B, a transcription factor of the JAK-STAT pathway frequently mutated in hematological malignancies. Together, these findings reveal a mechanism by which HTLV-1 hijacks a critical innate immune effector to sustain persistent infection and drive oncogenesis without activating antiviral IFN-I pathway.</p>

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HTLV-1 subverts the innate immune effector gene IRF7 by viral HBZ protein for oncogenesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Xiaoyi Yuan,
  • Yunyun Yue,
  • Liang Chen,
  • Dongmei Liu,
  • Yi Liang,
  • Chengcheng Lu,
  • Sikai Yang,
  • Zeng He,
  • Chunxin Fan,
  • Jing Shang,
  • Masao Matsuoka,
  • Guangyong Ma

摘要

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are innate immune transcription factors responsible for inducing the expression of type I interferons (IFN-I), which combat pathogen invasions via initiating the downstream Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Among them, IRF7 plays a central role by forming heterodimers with IRF3 to initiate IFN-I production and is therefore frequently targeted by viruses to evade immune detection. Contrary to this common paradigm, we show that IRF7 is activated and upregulated by the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), via its oncoprotein HBZ. Moreover, IRF7 is highly expressed in HTLV-1 induced CD4 T-cell malignancy named adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and promotes the proliferation of infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, HBZ is able to interfere with the interaction of IRF7 and IRF3, suppressing IFN-I pathway activation. On the other hand, IRF7 was found to upregulate and activate STAT5B, a transcription factor of the JAK-STAT pathway frequently mutated in hematological malignancies. Together, these findings reveal a mechanism by which HTLV-1 hijacks a critical innate immune effector to sustain persistent infection and drive oncogenesis without activating antiviral IFN-I pathway.