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<p>Urea is a pervasive nitrogenous pollutant that must be effectively eliminated from wastewater to prevent ecological damage, but existing treatment technologies remain inadequate. Here we show an integrated urea oxidation reaction-membrane distillation system that simultaneously achieves near-complete urea removal and resource recovery. The system employs a medium-entropy metal-organic framework (ME-MOF) electrocatalyst, which requires only 1.36 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) to achieve 100 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> for urea electrooxidation. And, it operates stably for 1,000 h at a total current of 1 A, enabling the removal of 99.7% urea from concentrated streams to meet the&#xa0;stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standard for fertilizer wastewater (&lt;35 mg L<sup>-1</sup> NH<sub>3</sub>-N). Operando characterizations reveal that entropy-stabilized multimetal sites enhance charge transfer and suppress Ni leaching. Furthermore, comprehensive life-cycle and techno-economic analyses demonstrate the system’s competitive environmental impact compared with conventional anaerobic ammonium oxidation&#xa0;(anammox) processes, achieving economic viability with a net profit of $2.9 per m<sup>3</sup> of effluent treated, in contrast to a loss of $0.63 per m<sup>3</sup> for anammox treatment.</p>

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Medium-entropy metal-organic framework-integrated catalytic distillation system for near 100% urea removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Songlin Zhang,
  • Hong Yao,
  • Lei Shi,
  • Xingju Zhang,
  • Xin Bao,
  • Xinshuo Shi,
  • Yingjie Guo,
  • Tingting Zhao,
  • Shengbao Zhou,
  • Kai Hui,
  • Xinyang Li,
  • Shenlong Zhao

摘要

Urea is a pervasive nitrogenous pollutant that must be effectively eliminated from wastewater to prevent ecological damage, but existing treatment technologies remain inadequate. Here we show an integrated urea oxidation reaction-membrane distillation system that simultaneously achieves near-complete urea removal and resource recovery. The system employs a medium-entropy metal-organic framework (ME-MOF) electrocatalyst, which requires only 1.36 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) to achieve 100 mA cm-2 for urea electrooxidation. And, it operates stably for 1,000 h at a total current of 1 A, enabling the removal of 99.7% urea from concentrated streams to meet the stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standard for fertilizer wastewater (<35 mg L-1 NH3-N). Operando characterizations reveal that entropy-stabilized multimetal sites enhance charge transfer and suppress Ni leaching. Furthermore, comprehensive life-cycle and techno-economic analyses demonstrate the system’s competitive environmental impact compared with conventional anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes, achieving economic viability with a net profit of $2.9 per m3 of effluent treated, in contrast to a loss of $0.63 per m3 for anammox treatment.