<p>Malate transporters play pivotal roles in plant aluminum tolerance mechanisms. In the classic aluminum tolerance pathway, Al<sup>3+</sup> induces <i>ALMT</i>, which promotes malate exudation to chelate Al<sup>3+</sup> to enhance aluminum tolerance. However, in tomato, <i>SlALMT</i> was inhibited by Al<sup>3+</sup>, but Al<sup>3+</sup> still induced malate exudation. We found that SlSLAH2, upon induction by Al<sup>3+</sup>, can transport malate and is required for full activation of malate exudation by Al<sup>3+</sup> stress. SlWRKY37 contributes to <i>SlSLAH2</i> induction by Al<sup>3+</sup>. Moreover, SlSLAH2 is phosphorylated in response to Al<sup>3+</sup>. We identify SlCDPK21 and SlPP2C72 as putative upstream kinase and phosphatase that could potentially facilitate phosphorylation homeostasis. SlCDPK21 can interact with SlSLAH2 in a heterologous system, phosphorylate SlSLAH2 at Thr167 in vitro and is also required for full malate exudation. SlPP2C72 can dephosphorylate SlSLAH2 in vitro and knock-out leads to increased malate exudation. Furthermore, Al<sup>3+</sup> downregulated <i>SlPP2C72</i>, and Al<sup>3+</sup> treated seedling extracts can suppress SlPP2C72 phosphatase activity. We propose a synergistic transcription-phosphorylation cascade that can ensure a robust malate exudation across Al<sup>3+</sup> environments.</p>

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SlSLAH2 mediates malate exudation and contributes to aluminum tolerance

  • Danhui Dong,
  • Congyang Jia,
  • Jialong Zhang,
  • Yiran Wang,
  • Ming Gao,
  • Junxin Guo,
  • Chengcheng Shen,
  • Zhirong Wang,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Tao Lin,
  • Jie Ye,
  • Na Zhang,
  • Yang-Dong Guo

摘要

Malate transporters play pivotal roles in plant aluminum tolerance mechanisms. In the classic aluminum tolerance pathway, Al3+ induces ALMT, which promotes malate exudation to chelate Al3+ to enhance aluminum tolerance. However, in tomato, SlALMT was inhibited by Al3+, but Al3+ still induced malate exudation. We found that SlSLAH2, upon induction by Al3+, can transport malate and is required for full activation of malate exudation by Al3+ stress. SlWRKY37 contributes to SlSLAH2 induction by Al3+. Moreover, SlSLAH2 is phosphorylated in response to Al3+. We identify SlCDPK21 and SlPP2C72 as putative upstream kinase and phosphatase that could potentially facilitate phosphorylation homeostasis. SlCDPK21 can interact with SlSLAH2 in a heterologous system, phosphorylate SlSLAH2 at Thr167 in vitro and is also required for full malate exudation. SlPP2C72 can dephosphorylate SlSLAH2 in vitro and knock-out leads to increased malate exudation. Furthermore, Al3+ downregulated SlPP2C72, and Al3+ treated seedling extracts can suppress SlPP2C72 phosphatase activity. We propose a synergistic transcription-phosphorylation cascade that can ensure a robust malate exudation across Al3+ environments.