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<p>In the development of clinically translatable triplet photosensitizers for hypoxia regulated photodynamic therapy (PDT), there is an unmet need for engineering sensitizers as near-infrared (NIR)-responsive, type I/type Ⅱ dual photosensitizers and mild photothermal agents. Herein, we develop a binary precursor-engineering strategy for precise regulation of the D-π-A configuration of carbon dots (CDs) as ultralong-lived triplet, type I/Ⅱ dual photosensitizers by utilizing phenolic hydroxyl as an electron-rich donor and pyridine N as an electron-withdrawing acceptor. The photodynamic performance of CDs is enhanced by intramolecular charge transfer and mild photothermal conversion. We further design M1-like macrophage-derived cell membrane‑camouflaged CDs to realize preferential tumor accumulation while guaranteeing rapid systemic clearance. D-π-A sensitized CD-mediated PDT induces anti-tumor activity against primary and distant tumors. Our work highlights the crucial roles of D-π-A sensitization of CDs in boosting PDT by triplet state tuning, surface charge transfer, and mild photothermal relief of hypoxia.</p>

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D-π-A sensitized carbon dots as long-lived type-I/Ⅱ photosensitizers for NIR-excited hypoxia-regulated photodynamic therapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Zhenlin Zhang,
  • Lang Yan,
  • Weiwei Li,
  • Jinyan Hu,
  • Yang Wang,
  • Hongjing Dou,
  • Dengyu Pan,
  • Longxiang Shen,
  • Sheng Shi,
  • Bijiang Geng

摘要

In the development of clinically translatable triplet photosensitizers for hypoxia regulated photodynamic therapy (PDT), there is an unmet need for engineering sensitizers as near-infrared (NIR)-responsive, type I/type Ⅱ dual photosensitizers and mild photothermal agents. Herein, we develop a binary precursor-engineering strategy for precise regulation of the D-π-A configuration of carbon dots (CDs) as ultralong-lived triplet, type I/Ⅱ dual photosensitizers by utilizing phenolic hydroxyl as an electron-rich donor and pyridine N as an electron-withdrawing acceptor. The photodynamic performance of CDs is enhanced by intramolecular charge transfer and mild photothermal conversion. We further design M1-like macrophage-derived cell membrane‑camouflaged CDs to realize preferential tumor accumulation while guaranteeing rapid systemic clearance. D-π-A sensitized CD-mediated PDT induces anti-tumor activity against primary and distant tumors. Our work highlights the crucial roles of D-π-A sensitization of CDs in boosting PDT by triplet state tuning, surface charge transfer, and mild photothermal relief of hypoxia.