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<p>Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as efficient hole-transport layers for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet molecular self-aggregation during assembly limits interfacial homogeneity and device performance. Here we report an indole-carbazole co-adsorption strategy by incorporating N-indoleacetic acid (Nd) into (4-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Ph-4PACz) to construct phase-homogeneous monolayers. Nd interacts with Ph-4PACz via synergistic π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding, resulting in a uniform alternating Ph-4PACz/Nd molecular arrangement. This co-adsorbed structure enables optimized interfacial energy alignment, enhances perovskite film uniformity, and suppresses trap-assisted non-radiative recombination. As a result, devices achieve an efficiency of 26.95% (certified 26.57%) on 0.0717 cm<sup>2</sup> and 25.61% on 1 cm<sup>2</sup>, retaining 93.36% of their initial efficiency after 1500 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination and 91.10% after 1200 h at 85 °C. The strategy is broadly applicable to carbazole-based SAMs and wide-bandgap PSCs, offering a general co-adsorption route toward efficient and stable devices.</p>

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Homogenizing interfacial assembly via indole-mediated binary monolayers for perovskite solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Haojiang Shen,
  • Yeming Jin,
  • Fuqiang Li,
  • Kangning Zhao,
  • Nan Shen,
  • Jie Yang,
  • Ya Li,
  • Zhengyuan Long,
  • Yuxuan Sheng,
  • Hongbing Li,
  • Fei Guo,
  • Zong-Xiang Xu,
  • Yong Ding,
  • Xingzhu Wang,
  • Geping Qu,
  • Shi Chen,
  • Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin

摘要

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as efficient hole-transport layers for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet molecular self-aggregation during assembly limits interfacial homogeneity and device performance. Here we report an indole-carbazole co-adsorption strategy by incorporating N-indoleacetic acid (Nd) into (4-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Ph-4PACz) to construct phase-homogeneous monolayers. Nd interacts with Ph-4PACz via synergistic π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding, resulting in a uniform alternating Ph-4PACz/Nd molecular arrangement. This co-adsorbed structure enables optimized interfacial energy alignment, enhances perovskite film uniformity, and suppresses trap-assisted non-radiative recombination. As a result, devices achieve an efficiency of 26.95% (certified 26.57%) on 0.0717 cm2 and 25.61% on 1 cm2, retaining 93.36% of their initial efficiency after 1500 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination and 91.10% after 1200 h at 85 °C. The strategy is broadly applicable to carbazole-based SAMs and wide-bandgap PSCs, offering a general co-adsorption route toward efficient and stable devices.