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<p>Unveiling interfaces at sub-nanometer scales is essential for advancing the understanding of complex chemical transformations. However, characterizing solid-liquid interfaces with high dimensional sensitivity and temporal resolution remains challenging, due to their dynamic nature and inaccessibility by conventional probes. Here we present an approach, Pattern-enhanced Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering, to overcome the challenges. Rooted in a “sample-as-optics” philosophy, this technique utilizes precisely engineered line-grating nanopatterns to modulate near-field X-ray illumination, coherently enhancing scattering signals from the line-gratings. We implement the method using Ni line-grating nanopatterns in electrochemical water oxidation. The periodic nanostructures serve as diffractive optical elements to reveal the Ni oxidation gradients and structural dynamics at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Finite-element simulations corroborate the observed trends by modeling variations in compositions and structures during electrocatalysis. Through integrating advanced sample design with coherent wave nature of soft X-rays, our approach opens accessible pathways to <i>operando</i> exploring chemical evolution and sub-nanometer dimensional variations simultaneously in electrochemical systems. This non-destructive method is efficient and element-specific, making it valuable for probing chemical and dimensional dynamics with appropriate modeling.</p>

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Pattern-enhanced Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering for Operando monitoring of electrochemical solid-liquid interfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月21日

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  • Haoyi Li,
  • Kas Andrle,
  • Qi Zhang,
  • Isvar A. Cordova,
  • Yao Yang,
  • Zhengxing Peng,
  • Feipeng Yang,
  • Guillaume Freychet,
  • Scott Dhuey,
  • Alexander Hexemer,
  • Brett A. Helms,
  • Weilun Chao,
  • Bruno La Fontaine,
  • Ricardo Ruiz,
  • Jinghua Guo,
  • Wanli Yang,
  • Junko Yano,
  • Cheng Wang

摘要

Unveiling interfaces at sub-nanometer scales is essential for advancing the understanding of complex chemical transformations. However, characterizing solid-liquid interfaces with high dimensional sensitivity and temporal resolution remains challenging, due to their dynamic nature and inaccessibility by conventional probes. Here we present an approach, Pattern-enhanced Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering, to overcome the challenges. Rooted in a “sample-as-optics” philosophy, this technique utilizes precisely engineered line-grating nanopatterns to modulate near-field X-ray illumination, coherently enhancing scattering signals from the line-gratings. We implement the method using Ni line-grating nanopatterns in electrochemical water oxidation. The periodic nanostructures serve as diffractive optical elements to reveal the Ni oxidation gradients and structural dynamics at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Finite-element simulations corroborate the observed trends by modeling variations in compositions and structures during electrocatalysis. Through integrating advanced sample design with coherent wave nature of soft X-rays, our approach opens accessible pathways to operando exploring chemical evolution and sub-nanometer dimensional variations simultaneously in electrochemical systems. This non-destructive method is efficient and element-specific, making it valuable for probing chemical and dimensional dynamics with appropriate modeling.