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<p>Rechargeable aqueous batteries show promise for large-scale energy storage, yet suffer from low specific energy and poor low-temperature performance. Existing low-temperature aqueous batteries typically use ion-insertion positive electrodes with limited capacity. While aqueous sulfur-based batteries offer high theoretical capacity, their low-temperature operation remains challenging. Current improvement strategies often compromise room-temperature performance due to the inclusion of non-active additives. Here, we present a low-temperature sulfur-based battery using a Cu(BF<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>-based electrolyte, which boasts a low glass transition temperature of −115.1 °C, and an ionic conductivity of 5.16 mS cm<sup>−1</sup> at −60 °C. This electrolyte enables faster reaction kinetics and higher overall specific energy than traditional CuSO<sub>4</sub>-based systems. The resulting zinc-sulfur battery delivers a discharge capacity of 348 mA h g<sub>(S+Zn)</sub><sup>−1</sup>and an specific energy of 339 W h kg<sub>(S+Zn)</sub><sup>−1</sup> at −50 °C, based on the total mass of both the positive and negative electrodes, competitive with existing aqueous batteries.</p>

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Enabling low-temperature aqueous zinc/copper-sulfur hybrid batteries through electrolyte design

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Haichuan Zhou,
  • Linyu Hu,
  • Guoqiang Liu,
  • Yourui Pi,
  • Fang Wan,
  • Ying Liu,
  • Fei Wang,
  • Chunlong Dai,
  • Zifeng Lin

摘要

Rechargeable aqueous batteries show promise for large-scale energy storage, yet suffer from low specific energy and poor low-temperature performance. Existing low-temperature aqueous batteries typically use ion-insertion positive electrodes with limited capacity. While aqueous sulfur-based batteries offer high theoretical capacity, their low-temperature operation remains challenging. Current improvement strategies often compromise room-temperature performance due to the inclusion of non-active additives. Here, we present a low-temperature sulfur-based battery using a Cu(BF4)2-based electrolyte, which boasts a low glass transition temperature of −115.1 °C, and an ionic conductivity of 5.16 mS cm−1 at −60 °C. This electrolyte enables faster reaction kinetics and higher overall specific energy than traditional CuSO4-based systems. The resulting zinc-sulfur battery delivers a discharge capacity of 348 mA h g(S+Zn)−1and an specific energy of 339 W h kg(S+Zn)−1 at −50 °C, based on the total mass of both the positive and negative electrodes, competitive with existing aqueous batteries.