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<p>Global irrigation expansion is expected to enhance agricultural productivity in underperforming cultivated areas, yet its associated crop-specific energy requirements remain insufficiently quantified. Here, we present a spatially distributed, physically based framework that estimates crop-specific irrigation energy consumption at 10 km resolution worldwide. Currently, irrigation consumes about 1.38 × 10⁹ gigajoules per year, of which three-quarters are used by surface irrigation systems and one-quarter by pressurized systems. Six crops—wheat, rice, maize, cotton, sugarcane, and vegetables—account for 60% of the total irrigated area and energy use. A sustainable expansion of irrigation in rainfed areas would increase irrigation energy consumption by approximately 17%, mostly in the Global South. These findings highlight that the magnitude of irrigation energy demand depends on system type, pumping depth, and climatic aridity. This study links crop-specific irrigation energy costs with productivity gains, guiding integrated planning for sustainable, climate-resilient food production.</p>

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Global crop-specific energy demand for irrigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Davide Danilo Chiarelli,
  • Paolo D’Odorico,
  • Aldo Fiori,
  • Harsh Nanesha,
  • Akhil Unnikrisnan,
  • Ivan Lombardich,
  • Maria Cristina Rulli

摘要

Global irrigation expansion is expected to enhance agricultural productivity in underperforming cultivated areas, yet its associated crop-specific energy requirements remain insufficiently quantified. Here, we present a spatially distributed, physically based framework that estimates crop-specific irrigation energy consumption at 10 km resolution worldwide. Currently, irrigation consumes about 1.38 × 10⁹ gigajoules per year, of which three-quarters are used by surface irrigation systems and one-quarter by pressurized systems. Six crops—wheat, rice, maize, cotton, sugarcane, and vegetables—account for 60% of the total irrigated area and energy use. A sustainable expansion of irrigation in rainfed areas would increase irrigation energy consumption by approximately 17%, mostly in the Global South. These findings highlight that the magnitude of irrigation energy demand depends on system type, pumping depth, and climatic aridity. This study links crop-specific irrigation energy costs with productivity gains, guiding integrated planning for sustainable, climate-resilient food production.