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<p>Carbonatite-associated rare earth element (REE) deposits are currently the primary source of REE resources. Their formation requires REE enrichment during prolonged magma evolution, achieved by suppressing REE-rich mineral crystallization and promoting REE-enriched brine melt formation. Our experiments on the fractional crystallization of carbonatitic magmas indicate that pressure (emplacement depth) is the primary factor controlling REE enrichment. High-pressure ( &gt;0.3 GPa) promotes early olivine crystallization, depleting silica and suppressing REE-rich apatite formation. Deep emplacement also delays aqueous fluid exsolution, thereby stabilizing brine melts that enhance phosphate dissolution and prevent REE dispersion into apatite. In contrast, low-pressure conditions ( &lt;0.3 GPa) lead to exsolution of REE-poor hydrothermal fluids, dispersing REE into magmatic apatite and preventing the deposition of economically significant REE-carbonates in subsequent hydrothermal stages. Our pressure-dependent model highlights deep emplacement as crucial for passive REE enrichment in residual brine melts, driving large-scale mineralization through precipitation of burbankite and/or bastnäsite.</p>

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Formation of giant carbonatite rare earth deposits controlled by deep-seated magma chambers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Shuo Xue,
  • Wubin Yang,
  • Hecai Niu,
  • Hongping He,
  • Jianxi Zhu,
  • Xiaoliang Liang,
  • Weidong Sun,
  • Ming-Xing Ling,
  • Xing Ding,
  • Wanzhu Zhang

摘要

Carbonatite-associated rare earth element (REE) deposits are currently the primary source of REE resources. Their formation requires REE enrichment during prolonged magma evolution, achieved by suppressing REE-rich mineral crystallization and promoting REE-enriched brine melt formation. Our experiments on the fractional crystallization of carbonatitic magmas indicate that pressure (emplacement depth) is the primary factor controlling REE enrichment. High-pressure ( >0.3 GPa) promotes early olivine crystallization, depleting silica and suppressing REE-rich apatite formation. Deep emplacement also delays aqueous fluid exsolution, thereby stabilizing brine melts that enhance phosphate dissolution and prevent REE dispersion into apatite. In contrast, low-pressure conditions ( <0.3 GPa) lead to exsolution of REE-poor hydrothermal fluids, dispersing REE into magmatic apatite and preventing the deposition of economically significant REE-carbonates in subsequent hydrothermal stages. Our pressure-dependent model highlights deep emplacement as crucial for passive REE enrichment in residual brine melts, driving large-scale mineralization through precipitation of burbankite and/or bastnäsite.