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<p>Papaya is a trioecious species with XX females, XY males, and XY<sup>h</sup> hermaphrodites. Any combination of Y and Y<sup>h</sup> chromosomes is lethal. The gene underlying YY lethality is pivotal in the transition from stage 2 to stage 3 in sex chromosome evolution. Here, we identify and functionally validate the YY lethality gene in papaya, <i>CpYYL</i>. Loss of <i>CpYYL</i> function accelerates glycolysis and reduces sucrose accumulation in embryo, causing embryo abortion. CpYYL interacts with CpAKRP and overexpression of both genes partially rescues seed abortion in the heterozygous <i>emb506</i> and <i>akrp</i> mutants, indicating conserved role in plastid differentiation and embryo development. Viable YY<sup>h</sup> and Y<sup>h</sup>Y<sup>h</sup> plants are generated through genetic engineering and crossing, although both genotypes show high seedling mortality. Crossing YY<sup>h</sup> male with XX female papaya shows 1:1 ratio of male to hermaphrodite plants without recombination between MSY and HSY. Identification of <i>CpYYL</i> fills a critical gap in papaya sex chromosome evolution, and provides new resources for genomic and epigenetic studies.</p>

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Recreating viable YYh genotype uncovers the role of CpYYL underlying YY lethality in papaya

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月24日

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  • Jingjing Yue,
  • Juan Liu,
  • Qiuxia Zeng,
  • Ching Man Wai,
  • Ban Deng,
  • Yihan Tong,
  • Liping Zuo,
  • Tao Xiang,
  • Wangyang Xie,
  • Xiaobing Zhao,
  • Juan Lai,
  • Jingjin Liao,
  • Qingqing Lai,
  • Liangwei Xu,
  • Yating Zhu,
  • Juan He,
  • Mingjing Zhang,
  • Suyue Nie,
  • Zeng Lin,
  • Yanqing Liang,
  • Shaolian Jiang,
  • Xi Chen,
  • Bowei Wang,
  • Yongji Huang,
  • Yi Xu,
  • Julie Nguyen-Edquilang,
  • Yaying Ma,
  • Nathan Fumia,
  • Tyler Jones,
  • Patricia Quesada-Rojas,
  • Eric Mora-Newcomer,
  • Jisen Zhang,
  • Qingyi Yu,
  • Ming-Li Wang,
  • Ray Ming

摘要

Papaya is a trioecious species with XX females, XY males, and XYh hermaphrodites. Any combination of Y and Yh chromosomes is lethal. The gene underlying YY lethality is pivotal in the transition from stage 2 to stage 3 in sex chromosome evolution. Here, we identify and functionally validate the YY lethality gene in papaya, CpYYL. Loss of CpYYL function accelerates glycolysis and reduces sucrose accumulation in embryo, causing embryo abortion. CpYYL interacts with CpAKRP and overexpression of both genes partially rescues seed abortion in the heterozygous emb506 and akrp mutants, indicating conserved role in plastid differentiation and embryo development. Viable YYh and YhYh plants are generated through genetic engineering and crossing, although both genotypes show high seedling mortality. Crossing YYh male with XX female papaya shows 1:1 ratio of male to hermaphrodite plants without recombination between MSY and HSY. Identification of CpYYL fills a critical gap in papaya sex chromosome evolution, and provides new resources for genomic and epigenetic studies.