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<p>Striking a balance between sensitivity and detection range while ensuring stability under extreme temperatures remains a formidable challenge in the design of flexible pressure sensors. To address this issue, we draw inspiration from the multi-gradient architectures of nature and propose a bottom-up self-assembly strategy. By leveraging a meticulously orchestrated multi-step approach that encompasses electrospinning, sequential freezing, and thermal imidization, we successfully fabricate a polyimide nanofiber/carbon nanotube dual-gradient aerogel with a dynamic stiffness transition from flexible to rigid states. Experimental results highlight notable properties of the dual-gradient aerogel, which exhibits an ultralow density (0.023 g cm<sup><i>−</i>3</sup>), efficient thermal insulation (28 mW m<sup><i>−</i>1</sup> K<sup><i>−</i>1</sup>), and reliable compressibility and fatigue resistance. Moreover, it establishes a favorable equilibrium between sensitivity (156 MPa<sup><i>−</i>1</sup>) and an extensive detection range (223 kPa). Notably, the combination of thermal resilience (−196 °C to 533.30 °C) and mechanical stability enables performance that is comparable to, or in some aspects surpasses, that of conventional flexible sensing materials. This dual-gradient aerogel provides both effective thermal insulation and high-precision physiological monitoring under extreme conditions, offering integrated thermal protection and real-time astronaut health assessment in spacesuits.</p>

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Gradient nanofiber aerogels for extreme cryogenic and thermal environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月17日

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  • Chunmei Li,
  • Rui Xu,
  • Dong Han,
  • Puhao Li,
  • Wei Liu,
  • Mingjian Guang,
  • Xujiang Chao,
  • Peng Wang

摘要

Striking a balance between sensitivity and detection range while ensuring stability under extreme temperatures remains a formidable challenge in the design of flexible pressure sensors. To address this issue, we draw inspiration from the multi-gradient architectures of nature and propose a bottom-up self-assembly strategy. By leveraging a meticulously orchestrated multi-step approach that encompasses electrospinning, sequential freezing, and thermal imidization, we successfully fabricate a polyimide nanofiber/carbon nanotube dual-gradient aerogel with a dynamic stiffness transition from flexible to rigid states. Experimental results highlight notable properties of the dual-gradient aerogel, which exhibits an ultralow density (0.023 g cm−3), efficient thermal insulation (28 mW m−1 K−1), and reliable compressibility and fatigue resistance. Moreover, it establishes a favorable equilibrium between sensitivity (156 MPa−1) and an extensive detection range (223 kPa). Notably, the combination of thermal resilience (−196 °C to 533.30 °C) and mechanical stability enables performance that is comparable to, or in some aspects surpasses, that of conventional flexible sensing materials. This dual-gradient aerogel provides both effective thermal insulation and high-precision physiological monitoring under extreme conditions, offering integrated thermal protection and real-time astronaut health assessment in spacesuits.