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<p>Biodegradable artificial synapses hold great promise for sustainable neuromorphic electronics, yet combining long-term memory, ultralow energy consumption, and mechanical robustness remains challenging. Here, we report a fully biodegradable multilayer artificial synapse (M-AS) composed of crosslinked chitosan–guar gum (CS–GG) ion-active layers (IALs) and a cellulose acetate (CA) ion-binding layer (IBL). This trilayer architecture enhances ion trapping via ion-dipole coupling (IDC) at the IAL–IBL interface, while hydrogen-bonded crosslinking within the CS–GG matrix enhances mechanical and environmental stability. Sodium chloride, embedded in the IALs, serves as a mobile ionic species analogous to biological neurotransmitters, enabling low-voltage ion migration. Upon electrical stimulation, ion migration and dipole alignment induce IDC, leading to partial ion retention and cascade-like postsynaptic current responses that support memory formation. The M-AS supports key synaptic functionalities—including paired-pulse facilitation, short-term and long-term plasticity, multilevel memory encoding, and bidirectional modulation—under sub-millivolt operation. It achieves the longest long-term memory time (5944 s) reported among biodegradable artificial synapses and an energy consumption (0.85 fJ/event) lower than that of biological synapses. Integration with a thermistor and robotic actuator enables a bioinspired reflexive system capable of adaptive, stimulus-dependent learning and reflex-like behaviors. These results demonstrate the potential of M-AS for low-power, intelligent human–machine interfaces.</p>

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Robust biodegradable synapse with sub-biological energy and extended memory for intelligent reflexive system

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月27日

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  • Yoojin Chang,
  • Sangyun Na,
  • Yun Goo Ro,
  • Cheolhong Park,
  • Seokhee Jung,
  • Yong-Jin Park,
  • Min Sub Kwak,
  • Jeeyoon Kim,
  • Hyeji Oh,
  • Jaejun Kim,
  • Hyunhyub Ko

摘要

Biodegradable artificial synapses hold great promise for sustainable neuromorphic electronics, yet combining long-term memory, ultralow energy consumption, and mechanical robustness remains challenging. Here, we report a fully biodegradable multilayer artificial synapse (M-AS) composed of crosslinked chitosan–guar gum (CS–GG) ion-active layers (IALs) and a cellulose acetate (CA) ion-binding layer (IBL). This trilayer architecture enhances ion trapping via ion-dipole coupling (IDC) at the IAL–IBL interface, while hydrogen-bonded crosslinking within the CS–GG matrix enhances mechanical and environmental stability. Sodium chloride, embedded in the IALs, serves as a mobile ionic species analogous to biological neurotransmitters, enabling low-voltage ion migration. Upon electrical stimulation, ion migration and dipole alignment induce IDC, leading to partial ion retention and cascade-like postsynaptic current responses that support memory formation. The M-AS supports key synaptic functionalities—including paired-pulse facilitation, short-term and long-term plasticity, multilevel memory encoding, and bidirectional modulation—under sub-millivolt operation. It achieves the longest long-term memory time (5944 s) reported among biodegradable artificial synapses and an energy consumption (0.85 fJ/event) lower than that of biological synapses. Integration with a thermistor and robotic actuator enables a bioinspired reflexive system capable of adaptive, stimulus-dependent learning and reflex-like behaviors. These results demonstrate the potential of M-AS for low-power, intelligent human–machine interfaces.