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<p>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1 aims for universal access to safely managed drinking water (SMDW) by 2030, yet progress remains off-track with 2.2 billion people lacking these services. Our comprehensive global analysis revealed a striking paradox: 88.5% of those without SMDW resided in regions with abundant rainfall, while only 1.26% used rainwater for potable use. Accordingly, a parametric framework integrating environmental and socioeconomic indicators was developed to quantify rainwater harvesting (RWH)’s potential for advancing SDG 6.1. This framework enabled a stepwise, actionable roadmap centered on two synergistic pathways: extending maximum seasonal storage potential and improving transition ratios, with simulations demonstrating that progressive optimization of RWH could increase SMDW coverage by 5.6–26%, benefiting 0.45–2.08 billion people. Socio-ecological analyses further showed that RWH supported multiple SDGs, including food security, health, gender equality, and climate action. These findings establish a systematic global assessment for unlocking vast untapped rainwater potential, providing important pathways that could fundamentally accelerate the achievement of universal SMDW access.</p>

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Unlocking global rainwater harvesting potential for safe drinking water access

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Qingke Yuan,
  • Yanfeng Liu,
  • Yukang Qie,
  • Chengzhi Hu,
  • Ying Meng,
  • Fubo Luan

摘要

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1 aims for universal access to safely managed drinking water (SMDW) by 2030, yet progress remains off-track with 2.2 billion people lacking these services. Our comprehensive global analysis revealed a striking paradox: 88.5% of those without SMDW resided in regions with abundant rainfall, while only 1.26% used rainwater for potable use. Accordingly, a parametric framework integrating environmental and socioeconomic indicators was developed to quantify rainwater harvesting (RWH)’s potential for advancing SDG 6.1. This framework enabled a stepwise, actionable roadmap centered on two synergistic pathways: extending maximum seasonal storage potential and improving transition ratios, with simulations demonstrating that progressive optimization of RWH could increase SMDW coverage by 5.6–26%, benefiting 0.45–2.08 billion people. Socio-ecological analyses further showed that RWH supported multiple SDGs, including food security, health, gender equality, and climate action. These findings establish a systematic global assessment for unlocking vast untapped rainwater potential, providing important pathways that could fundamentally accelerate the achievement of universal SMDW access.