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<p>Indigo is an extremely popular molecule in dye industry, however, its use in photochemical transformations is surprisingly scarce. This report explores its photocatalytic activity over an unusually wide excited-state redox window, spanning over 5.98 V. The dye molecule exhibits bimodality and proves itself as a simultaneous super-reductant and -oxidant. This extreme bimodal behavior in indigo (IndH<sub>2</sub>) originates from the viability of two electron redox processes on the parent architecture. In comparison, major popular photocatalysts (PC) possess singly oxidized/reduced state, limiting the span of such bimodal redox window significantly. In the presence of KO<sup>t</sup>Bu and white light irradiation, IndH<sub>2</sub> is converted to its tetraanionic form Ind<sup>4-</sup> by two-electron reduction and two successive deprotonation steps, exhibiting its reductive power to −3.6 V vs SCE. On the other hand, two-electron oxidized form of IndH<sub>2</sub> forms dehydroindigo, a superoxidant capable of oxidizing substrates up to +2.38 V vs SCE.</p>

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Dramatic expansion of bimodal redox window of indigo by two-electron redox processes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Monojit Roy,
  • Shyamali Maji,
  • Vikramjeet Singh,
  • Dhananjay Dey,
  • Debashis Adhikari

摘要

Indigo is an extremely popular molecule in dye industry, however, its use in photochemical transformations is surprisingly scarce. This report explores its photocatalytic activity over an unusually wide excited-state redox window, spanning over 5.98 V. The dye molecule exhibits bimodality and proves itself as a simultaneous super-reductant and -oxidant. This extreme bimodal behavior in indigo (IndH2) originates from the viability of two electron redox processes on the parent architecture. In comparison, major popular photocatalysts (PC) possess singly oxidized/reduced state, limiting the span of such bimodal redox window significantly. In the presence of KOtBu and white light irradiation, IndH2 is converted to its tetraanionic form Ind4- by two-electron reduction and two successive deprotonation steps, exhibiting its reductive power to −3.6 V vs SCE. On the other hand, two-electron oxidized form of IndH2 forms dehydroindigo, a superoxidant capable of oxidizing substrates up to +2.38 V vs SCE.