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<p>Thermoelectric (TE) materials directly convert temperature gradients into electrical potential. However, conventional rigid TE materials are limited by poor mechanical compliance, potential toxicity, and non-recyclability. Here, we present an ionic TE hydrogel that addresses these challenges through high stretchability, full recyclability, and non-toxic composition. The hydrogel can be recycled through an environmentally friendly process that generates no hazardous byproducts. Our material exhibits exceptional mechanical stretchability with 1400% strain capacity, 98% optical transparency, high electrical conductivity (1.9 mS cm<sup>-1</sup>), and a Seebeck coefficient (−1.05 mV/K). When encapsulated in recyclable polyurethane, the resulting devices enable stable dual-mode sensing through both TE and triboelectric mechanisms, allowing simultaneous temperature and pressure detection without complex signal processing. The devices maintain 96% of their electrical performance even after recycling and self-healing cycles. This innovative hydrogel design strategy aligns with circular economy principles for environment-friendly human-machine interface applications.</p>

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Non-hazardous and fully recyclable ionic thermoelectrics for sustainable human–machine interfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月22日

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  • Jingyi Yang,
  • Zifeng Wang,
  • Zijie Yang,
  • Mengmeng Liu,
  • David Kwok Hung Lee,
  • Ka Bian,
  • Jianyong Ouyang,
  • Benjamin C. K. Tee

摘要

Thermoelectric (TE) materials directly convert temperature gradients into electrical potential. However, conventional rigid TE materials are limited by poor mechanical compliance, potential toxicity, and non-recyclability. Here, we present an ionic TE hydrogel that addresses these challenges through high stretchability, full recyclability, and non-toxic composition. The hydrogel can be recycled through an environmentally friendly process that generates no hazardous byproducts. Our material exhibits exceptional mechanical stretchability with 1400% strain capacity, 98% optical transparency, high electrical conductivity (1.9 mS cm-1), and a Seebeck coefficient (−1.05 mV/K). When encapsulated in recyclable polyurethane, the resulting devices enable stable dual-mode sensing through both TE and triboelectric mechanisms, allowing simultaneous temperature and pressure detection without complex signal processing. The devices maintain 96% of their electrical performance even after recycling and self-healing cycles. This innovative hydrogel design strategy aligns with circular economy principles for environment-friendly human-machine interface applications.