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<p>Creating shape-morphing structures with time-responsive materials is a key goal of 4D printing, but combining high stiffness (<i>E</i>) and toughness (<i>K</i>) in a single material remains difficult. Soft materials stretch but lack strength, while stiff materials resist deformation but are brittle. Nature overcomes this trade-off in skeletal muscle by surrounding strong fibers with soft, tough tissue for protection and support. Inspired by this strategy, we develop a multi-material printing method that combines stiff synthetic muscle with a soft, stretchable adhesive to form a composite structure. Here, we show that this design greatly improves toughness without sacrificing stiffness, enables controlled actuation, and maintains function after multiple fractures. We demonstrate these properties in a damage-tolerant actuator, a lifting robot with record performance, and a lattice that detects and withstands extreme loads while remaining operational.</p>

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Synthetic fascia for stiff and tough 4D printed multifunctional structures that detect and tolerate damage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月24日

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  • Javier M. Morales Ferrer,
  • Chloe Kekedjian,
  • Nicole Bacca,
  • J. William Boley

摘要

Creating shape-morphing structures with time-responsive materials is a key goal of 4D printing, but combining high stiffness (E) and toughness (K) in a single material remains difficult. Soft materials stretch but lack strength, while stiff materials resist deformation but are brittle. Nature overcomes this trade-off in skeletal muscle by surrounding strong fibers with soft, tough tissue for protection and support. Inspired by this strategy, we develop a multi-material printing method that combines stiff synthetic muscle with a soft, stretchable adhesive to form a composite structure. Here, we show that this design greatly improves toughness without sacrificing stiffness, enables controlled actuation, and maintains function after multiple fractures. We demonstrate these properties in a damage-tolerant actuator, a lifting robot with record performance, and a lattice that detects and withstands extreme loads while remaining operational.