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<p>To decarbonize the power grid using renewable technologies without compromising its reliability, low-cost grid-scale energy storage with resilient long-term performance is required. We report a liquid metal battery that achieves high capacity, low electrode costs, and strong cycling performance by replacing the traditional liquid positive electrode with solid particles. The Ca||Sb(<i>s</i>) system described herein achieved 318% higher discharge capacity (715 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> Sb) and 71% lower electrode cost (19.1 $ kWh<sup>−1</sup>) than the most competitive liquid metal battery chemistries yet published. The remarkable increase in specific capacity results from the self-assembly of a micro-structured electronically connected Sb network at the positive electrode during cycling while the formation of a liquid Ca-Li alloy at the negative electrode mitigates the growth of solid Ca dendrites. We demonstrate minimal capacity fade of the Ca||Sb(<i>s</i>) battery over ~4000 full depth-of-discharge cycles and high coulombic (&gt;98.4%) and energy efficiencies (79–84%) at C-rates (C/8–C/10) relevant for daily storage applications coupled with intermittent renewable energy technologies.</p>

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Self-assembling solid Sb electrode enables high-capacity, low-cost Ca-Sb battery

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月24日

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  • Sanghyeok Im,
  • Peyman Asghari-Rad,
  • Kelly Elizabeth Varnell,
  • Alex T. Vai,
  • Jianyi Cui,
  • Rachael Howland,
  • David Bradwell,
  • Hojong Kim

摘要

To decarbonize the power grid using renewable technologies without compromising its reliability, low-cost grid-scale energy storage with resilient long-term performance is required. We report a liquid metal battery that achieves high capacity, low electrode costs, and strong cycling performance by replacing the traditional liquid positive electrode with solid particles. The Ca||Sb(s) system described herein achieved 318% higher discharge capacity (715 mAh g−1 Sb) and 71% lower electrode cost (19.1 $ kWh−1) than the most competitive liquid metal battery chemistries yet published. The remarkable increase in specific capacity results from the self-assembly of a micro-structured electronically connected Sb network at the positive electrode during cycling while the formation of a liquid Ca-Li alloy at the negative electrode mitigates the growth of solid Ca dendrites. We demonstrate minimal capacity fade of the Ca||Sb(s) battery over ~4000 full depth-of-discharge cycles and high coulombic (>98.4%) and energy efficiencies (79–84%) at C-rates (C/8–C/10) relevant for daily storage applications coupled with intermittent renewable energy technologies.