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Purpose <p>To describe presentation, treatment and outcomes for a cohort of children presenting with retinoblastoma (Rb) throughout Europe during 2017.</p> Methods <p>A prospective analysis of 483 patients diagnosed in Europe between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years.</p> Results <p>Unilateral cases 339/483 (70%) predominated, presenting older (mean age 26 months) than the 144 (30%) bilateral cases (mean age 12 months p &lt; 0.0005). Only 4/477 (0.8%) children had extra-ocular Rb at presentation (mean age 53 months vs 21 months for those without p = 0.002). Children from middle income countries did not present older, but were more likely (p &lt; 0.001) to present with late-stage disease (3-4) than high-income children (74/151 (49%) vs 108/332 (33%), RR 1.25 95%CI 1.09–1.44). For unilaterals, primary treatment was intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) in 29% and intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in 20%. For bilaterals, primary treatment was IVC in 113/144 (78%) and IAC in 14/144 (10%). Overall, 58% of children underwent enucleation, 36% of which as primary treatment. Risk of enucleation was determined by stage and laterality, but not economic status. Twelve (2.5%) children died from Rb. More children (OR = 146-7 13.9–1549.4, p &lt; 0.0005) presenting with extra-ocular tumour died (3 of 4 (75%)) than with intra-ocular tumour (9/449 (2%)) More children (OR = 29.8 3.8–232.0, p &lt; 0.0005), from middle income countries died from Rb (11/132 (8%)) than from high income countries (1/327 (0.3%)).</p> Conclusion <p>Even within a wealthy continent such as Europe, economic factors may influence survival, but not global salvage rates. The majority of children still lose an eye.</p>

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Retinoblastoma outcomes in Europe: a prospective analysis of 483 patients from 40 countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Richard Bowman,
  • Mattan Arazi,
  • Nathalie Cassoux,
  • Allen Foster,
  • Nir Gomel,
  • Noa Kapelushnik,
  • David MacLeod,
  • Ido Didi Fabian,
  • Ido Didi Fabian,
  • Elhassan Abdallah,
  • Shehu U. Abdullahi,
  • Rula A. Abdulqader,
  • Adamou Boubacar Sahadatou,
  • Dupe S. Ademola-Popoola,
  • Adedayo Adio,
  • Armin R. Afshar,
  • Priyanka Aggarwal,
  • Ada E. Aghaji,
  • Alia Ahmad,
  • Marliyanti N. R. Akib,
  • Lamis Al Harby,
  • Mouroge H. Al Ani,
  • Aygun Alakbarova,
  • Silvia Alarcón Portabella,
  • Safaa AF Al-Badri,
  • Ana Patricia A. Alcasabas,
  • Saad A. Al-Dahmash,
  • Amanda Alejos,
  • Ernesto Alemany-Rubio,
  • Amadou I. Alfa Bio,
  • Yvania Alfonso Carreras,
  • Christiane Al-Haddad,
  • Hamoud H. Y. Al-Hussaini,
  • Amany M. Ali,
  • Donjeta B. Alia,
  • Mazin F. Al-Jadiry,
  • Usama Al-Jumaly,
  • Hind M. Alkatan,
  • Charlotta All-Eriksson,
  • Ali ARM Al-Mafrachi,
  • Argentino A. Almeida,
  • Khalifa M. Alsawidi,
  • Athar A. S. M. Al-Shaheen,
  • Entissar H. Al-Shammary,
  • Primawita O. Amiruddin,
  • Romanzo Antonino,
  • Nicholas J. Astbury,
  • Hatice T. Atalay,
  • La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul,
  • Rose Atsiaya,
  • Taweevat Attaseth,
  • Than H. Aung,
  • Silvia Ayala,
  • Baglan Baizakova,
  • Julia Balaguer,
  • Ruhengiz Balayeva,
  • Walentyna Balwierz,
  • Honorio Barranco,
  • Covadonga Bascaran,
  • Maja Beck Popovic,
  • Raquel Benavides,
  • Sarra Benmiloud,
  • Nissrine Bennani Guebessi,
  • Rokia C. Berete,
  • Jesse L. Berry,
  • Anirban Bhaduri,
  • Sunil Bhat,
  • Shelley J. Biddulph,
  • Eva M. Biewald,
  • Sharon Blum,
  • Nadia Bobrova,
  • Marianna Boehme,
  • H. C. Boldt,
  • Maria Teresa B. C. Bonanomi,
  • Norbert Bornfeld,
  • Gabrielle C. Bouda,
  • Hédi Bouguila,
  • Amaria Boumedane,
  • Rachel C. Brennan,
  • Bénédicte G. Brichard,
  • Jassada Buaboonnam,
  • Patricia Calderón-Sotelo,
  • Doris A. Calle Jara,
  • Jayne E. Camuglia,
  • Miriam R. Cano,
  • F. R. C. P. I. Michael Capra,
  • Guilherme Castela,
  • Luis Castillo,
  • Jaume Català-Mora,
  • Guillermo L. Chantada,
  • Shabana Chaudhry,
  • Sonal S. Chaugule,
  • Argudit Chauhan,
  • Bhavna Chawla,
  • Violeta S. Chernodrinska,
  • Faraja S. Chiwanga,
  • Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat,
  • Krzysztof Cieslik,
  • Ruellyn L. Cockcroft,
  • Codruta Comsa,
  • Zelia M. Correa,
  • Maria G. Correa Llano,
  • Timothy W. Corson,
  • Kristin E. Cowan-Lyn,
  • Monika Csóka,
  • Xuehao Cui,
  • Isac V. Da Gama,
  • Wantanee Dangboon,
  • Anirban Das,
  • Sima Das,
  • Jacquelyn M. Davanzo,
  • Alan Davidson,
  • Patrick De Potter,
  • Karina Q. Delgado,
  • Hakan Demirci,
  • Laurence Desjardins,
  • Rosdali Y. Diaz Coronado,
  • Helen Dimaras,
  • Andrew J. Dodgshun,
  • M. Phil,
  • Craig Donaldson,
  • Carla R. Donato Macedo,
  • Monica D. Dragomir,
  • Yi Du,
  • Magritha Du Bruyn,
  • Kemala S. Edison,
  • I. Wayan Eka Sutyawan,
  • Asmaa E. l. Kettani,
  • Amal M. Elbahi,
  • James E. Elder,
  • Dina Elgalaly,
  • Alaa M. Elhaddad,
  • Moawia M. Ali Elhassan,
  • Mahmoud M. Elzembely,
  • Vera A. Essuman,
  • Ted Grimbert A. Evina,
  • Zehra Fadoo,
  • Adriana C. Fandiño,
  • Mohammad Faranoush,
  • Oluyemi Fasina,
  • Delia D. P. G. Fernández,
  • Ana Fernández-Teijeiro,
  • Allen Foster,
  • Shahar Frenkel,
  • Ligia D. Fu,
  • Soad L. Fuentes-Alabi,
  • Brenda L. Gallie,
  • Moira Gandiwa,
  • Juan L. Garcia,
  • David García Aldana,
  • Pascale Y. Gassant,
  • Jennifer A. Geel,
  • Fariba Ghassemi,
  • Clare Gilbert,
  • Ana V. Girón,
  • Zelalem Gizachew,
  • Marco A. Goenz,
  • Aaron S. Gold,
  • Maya Goldberg-Lavid,
  • Glen A. Gole,
  • Nir Gomel,
  • Efren Gonzalez,
  • Graciela Gonzalez Perez,
  • Liudmira González-Rodríguez,
  • Henry N. Garcia Pacheco,
  • Jaime Graells,
  • Liz Green,
  • Pernille A. Gregersen,
  • Nathalia D. A. K. Grigorovski,
  • Koffi M. Guedenon,
  • D. Sanjeeva Gunasekera,
  • Ahmet K. Gündüz,
  • Himika Gupta,
  • Sanjiv Gupta,
  • Theodora Hadjistilianou,
  • Patrick Hamel,
  • Syed A. Hamid,
  • Norhafizah Hamzah,
  • Eric D. Hansen,
  • J. William Harbour,
  • M. Elizabeth Hartnett,
  • Murat Hasanreisoglu,
  • Sadiq Hassan,
  • Shadab Hassan,
  • Stanislava Hederova,
  • Jose Hernandez,
  • Lorelay Marie Carcamo Hernandez,
  • Laila Hessissen,
  • Diriba F. Hordofa,
  • Laura C. Huang,
  • G. B. Hubbard,
  • Marlies Hummlen,
  • Kristina Husakova,
  • Allawi N. Hussein Al-Janabi,
  • Russo Ida,
  • Vesna R. Ilic,
  • Vivekaraj Jairaj,
  • Irfan Jeeva,
  • Helen Jenkinson,
  • Xunda Ji,
  • Dong Hyun Jo,
  • Kenneth P. Johnson,
  • William J. Johnson,
  • Michael M. Jones,
  • Theophile B. Amani Kabesha,
  • Rolande L. Kabore,
  • Swathi Kaliki,
  • Abubakar Kalinaki,
  • Mehmet Kantar,
  • Ling-Yuh Kao,
  • Tamar Kardava,
  • Rejin Kebudi,
  • Tomas Kepak,
  • Naama Keren-Froim,
  • Zohora J. Khan,
  • Hussain A. Khaqan,
  • Khauv Phara,
  • Wajiha J. Kheir,
  • Vikas Khetan,
  • Alireza Khodabande,
  • Zaza Khotenashvili,
  • Jonathan W. Kim,
  • Jeong Hun Kim,
  • Hayyam Kiratli,
  • Tero T. Kivelä,
  • Artur Klett,
  • Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet,
  • Dalia Krivaitiene,
  • Mariana Kruger,
  • Kittisak Kulvichit,
  • Mayasari W. Kuntorini,
  • Alice Kyara,
  • Eva S. Lachmann,
  • Carol P. S. Lam,
  • Geoffrey C. Lam,
  • Scott A. Larson,
  • Slobodanka Latinović,
  • Kelly D. Laurenti,
  • Bao Han A. Le,
  • Karin Lecuona,
  • Amy A. Leverant,
  • Cairui Li,
  • Ben Limbu,
  • Quah Boon Long,
  • Juan P. López,
  • Robert M. Lukamba,
  • Livia Lumbroso,
  • Sandra Luna-Fineman,
  • Delfitri Lutfi,
  • Lesia Lysytsia,
  • George N. Magrath,
  • Amita Mahajan,
  • Abdul Rahim Majeed,
  • Erika Maka,
  • Mayuri Makan,
  • Emil K. Makimbetov,
  • Chatonda Manda,
  • Nieves Martín Begue,
  • Lauren Mason,
  • John O. Mason III,
  • Ibrahim O. Matende,
  • Miguel Materin,
  • Clarissa C. D. S. Mattosinho,
  • Marchelo Matua,
  • Ismail Mayet,
  • Freddy B. Mbumba,
  • MMed Paed,
  • John D. McKenzie,
  • Aurora Medina-Sanson,
  • Azim Mehrvar,
  • Aemero A. Mengesha,
  • Vikas Menon,
  • Gary John V. D. S. Mercado,
  • Marilyn B. Mets,
  • Edoardo Midena,
  • Divyansh KC Mishra,
  • Furahini G. Mndeme,
  • Ahmed A. Mohamedani,
  • Mona T. Mohammad,
  • Annette C. Moll,
  • Margarita M. Montero,
  • Rosa A. Morales,
  • Claude Moreira,
  • Prithvi Mruthyunjaya,
  • Mchikirwa S. Msina,
  • Gerald Msukwa,
  • Sangeeta S. Mudaliar,
  • Kangwa I. Muma,
  • Francis L. Munier,
  • Gabriela Murgoi,
  • Timothy G. Murray,
  • Kareem O. Musa,
  • Asma Mushtaq,
  • Hamzah Mustak,
  • Okwen M. Muyen,
  • Gita Naidu,
  • Akshay Gopinathan Nair,
  • Larisa Naumenko,
  • Paule Aïda Ndoye Roth,
  • Yetty M. Nency,
  • Vladimir Neroev,
  • Hang Ngo,
  • Rosa M. Nieves,
  • Marina Nikitovic,
  • Elizabeth D. Nkanga,
  • Henry Nkumbe,
  • Murtuza Nuruddin,
  • Mutale Nyaywa,
  • Ghislaine Obono-Obiang,
  • Ngozi C. Oguego,
  • Andrzej Olechowski,
  • Scott C. N. Oliver,
  • Peter Osei-Bonsu,
  • Diego Ossandon,
  • Manuel A. Paez-Escamilla,
  • Halimah Pagarra,
  • Sally L. Painter,
  • Vivian Paintsil,
  • Luisa Paiva,
  • Bikramjit P. Pal,
  • Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu,
  • Ruzanna Papyan,
  • Raffaele Parrozzani,
  • Manoj Parulekar,
  • Claudia R. Pascual Morales,
  • Katherine E. Paton,
  • Katarzyna Pawinska-Wasikowska,
  • Jacob Pe’er,
  • Armando Peña,
  • Sanja Perić,
  • Chau T. M. Pham,
  • Remezo Philbert,
  • David A. Plager,
  • Pavel Pochop,
  • Rodrigo A. Polania,
  • Vladimir G. Polyakov,
  • Manca T. Pompe,
  • Jonathan J. Pons,
  • Daphna Prat,
  • Vireak Prom,
  • Ignatius Purwanto,
  • Ali O. Qadir,
  • Seema Qayyum,
  • Jiang Qian,
  • Ardizal Rahman,
  • Salman Rahman,
  • Jamalia Rahmat,
  • Purnima Rajkarnikar,
  • Rajesh Ramanjulu,
  • Aparna Ramasubramanian,
  • Marco A. Ramirez-Ortiz,
  • Léa Raobela,
  • Riffat Rashid,
  • M. Ashwin Reddy,
  • Ehud Reich,
  • Lorna A. Renner,
  • David Reynders,
  • Dahiru Ribadu,
  • Mussagy M. Riheia,
  • Petra Ritter-Sovinz,
  • Duangnate Rojanaporn,
  • Livia Romero,
  • Soma R. Roy,
  • Raya H. Saab,
  • Svetlana Saakyan,
  • Ahmed H. Sabhan,
  • Mandeep S. Sagoo,
  • Azza M. A. Said,
  • Rohit Saiju,
  • Beatriz Salas,
  • Sonsoles San Román Pacheco,
  • Gissela L. Sánchez F,
  • Phayvanh Sayalith,
  • Trish A. Scanlan,
  • Amy C. Schefler,
  • Judy Schoeman,
  • Ahad Sedaghat,
  • Stefan Seregard,
  • Rachna Seth,
  • Ankoor S. Shah,
  • Shawkat A. Shakoor,
  • Manoj K. Sharma,
  • Sadik T. Sherief,
  • Nandan G. Shetye,
  • Carol L. Shields,
  • Sorath Noorani Siddiqui,
  • Sidi Sidi Cheikh,
  • Sónia Silva,
  • Arun D. Singh,
  • Niharika Singh,
  • Usha Singh,
  • Penny Singha,
  • Rita S. Sitorus,
  • Alison H. Skalet,
  • Hendrian D. Soebagjo,
  • Tetyana Sorochynska,
  • Grace Ssali,
  • Andrew W. Stacey,
  • Sandra E. Staffieri,
  • Erin D. Stahl,
  • Christina Stathopoulos,
  • Branka Stirn Kranjc,
  • David K. Stones,
  • Caron Strahlendorf,
  • Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez,
  • Sadia Sultana,
  • Xiantao Sun,
  • Meryl Sundy,
  • Rosanne Superstein,
  • Eddy Supriyadi,
  • Supawan Surukrattanaskul,
  • Shigenobu Suzuki,
  • Karel Svojgr,
  • Fatoumata Sylla,
  • Gevorg Tamamyan,
  • Deborah Tan,
  • Alketa Tandili,
  • Fanny F. Tarrillo Leiva,
  • Maryam Tashvighi,
  • Bekim Tateshi,
  • Edi S. Tehuteru,
  • Luiz F. Teixeira,
  • Kok Hoi Teh,
  • Tuyisabe Theophile,
  • Helen Toledano,
  • Doan L. Trang,
  • Fousseyni Traoré,
  • Sumalin Trichaiyaporn,
  • Samuray Tuncer,
  • Harba Tyau-Tyau,
  • Ali B. Umar,
  • Emel Unal,
  • Ogul E. Uner,
  • Steen F. Urbak,
  • Tatiana L. Ushakova,
  • Rustam H. Usmanov,
  • Sandra Valeina,
  • Milo van Hoefen Wijsard,
  • Adisai Varadisai,
  • Liliana Vasquez,
  • Leon O. Vaughan,
  • Nevyana V. Veleva-Krasteva,
  • Nishant Verma,
  • Andi A. Victor,
  • Maris Viksnins,
  • Edwin G. Villacís Chafla,
  • Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai,
  • Tushar Vora,
  • Antonio E. Wachtel,
  • Werner Wackernagel,
  • Keith Waddell,
  • Patricia D. Wade,
  • Amina H. Wali Nigeria,
  • Yi-Zhuo Wang,
  • Avery Weiss,
  • Matthew W. Wilson,
  • Amelia D. C. Wime,
  • Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana,
  • Damrong Wiwatwongwana,
  • Charlotte Wolley Dod,
  • Phanthipha Wongwai,
  • Daoman Xiang,
  • Yishuang Xiao,
  • Jason C. Yam,
  • Huasheng Yang,
  • Jenny M. Yanga,
  • Muhammad A. Yaqub,
  • Vera A. Yarovaya,
  • Andrey A. Yarovoy,
  • Huijing Ye,
  • Yacoub A. Yousef,
  • Putu Yuliawati,
  • Arturo M. Zapata López,
  • Ekhtelbenina Zein,
  • Chengyue Zhang,
  • Yi Zhang,
  • Junyang Zhao,
  • Xiaoyu Zheng,
  • Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva,
  • Nida Zia,
  • Othman AO Ziko,
  • Marcia Zondervan,
  • Richard Bowman

摘要

Purpose

To describe presentation, treatment and outcomes for a cohort of children presenting with retinoblastoma (Rb) throughout Europe during 2017.

Methods

A prospective analysis of 483 patients diagnosed in Europe between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years.

Results

Unilateral cases 339/483 (70%) predominated, presenting older (mean age 26 months) than the 144 (30%) bilateral cases (mean age 12 months p < 0.0005). Only 4/477 (0.8%) children had extra-ocular Rb at presentation (mean age 53 months vs 21 months for those without p = 0.002). Children from middle income countries did not present older, but were more likely (p < 0.001) to present with late-stage disease (3-4) than high-income children (74/151 (49%) vs 108/332 (33%), RR 1.25 95%CI 1.09–1.44). For unilaterals, primary treatment was intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) in 29% and intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in 20%. For bilaterals, primary treatment was IVC in 113/144 (78%) and IAC in 14/144 (10%). Overall, 58% of children underwent enucleation, 36% of which as primary treatment. Risk of enucleation was determined by stage and laterality, but not economic status. Twelve (2.5%) children died from Rb. More children (OR = 146-7 13.9–1549.4, p < 0.0005) presenting with extra-ocular tumour died (3 of 4 (75%)) than with intra-ocular tumour (9/449 (2%)) More children (OR = 29.8 3.8–232.0, p < 0.0005), from middle income countries died from Rb (11/132 (8%)) than from high income countries (1/327 (0.3%)).

Conclusion

Even within a wealthy continent such as Europe, economic factors may influence survival, but not global salvage rates. The majority of children still lose an eye.