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<p>Compared with bulk water, water at polymer interfaces is characterized by fundamentally different behaviors and is partitioned into free, intermediate, and nonfreezing states. These interfacial hydration states influence the initial interactions with proteins and cells, shaping downstream biological responses. Intermediate water plays a key role in controlling protein adsorption/desorption/denaturation and cell adhesion at biointerfaces, thereby contributing to enhanced biocompatibility. We describe a time-resolved investigation of water sorption onto polymer films using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy coupled with data analysis facilitated by machine learning. Our findings highlight the role of intermediate water in modulating interfacial interactions. Furthermore, the intermediate water concept is extended to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which serve as well-defined model systems for polymer surfaces. This focus review also provides a comprehensive understanding of direct experimental evidence supporting the “water barrier model” of biocompatibility, starting from synthetic SAMs and progressing toward more complex biomimetic interfaces.</p>

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Interfacial water states and the biocompatibility of biomaterials: The role of intermediate water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Masaru Tanaka,
  • Shigeaki Morita,
  • Tomohiro Hayashi

摘要

Compared with bulk water, water at polymer interfaces is characterized by fundamentally different behaviors and is partitioned into free, intermediate, and nonfreezing states. These interfacial hydration states influence the initial interactions with proteins and cells, shaping downstream biological responses. Intermediate water plays a key role in controlling protein adsorption/desorption/denaturation and cell adhesion at biointerfaces, thereby contributing to enhanced biocompatibility. We describe a time-resolved investigation of water sorption onto polymer films using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy coupled with data analysis facilitated by machine learning. Our findings highlight the role of intermediate water in modulating interfacial interactions. Furthermore, the intermediate water concept is extended to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which serve as well-defined model systems for polymer surfaces. This focus review also provides a comprehensive understanding of direct experimental evidence supporting the “water barrier model” of biocompatibility, starting from synthetic SAMs and progressing toward more complex biomimetic interfaces.