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<p>All isotopes of bismuth are radioactive; however, the most abundant isotope, ²⁰⁹Bi, possesses an extraordinarily long half-life of 1.9 × 10¹⁹ yr, rendering it effectively stable for practical applications. Bismuth is an attractive heavy element for the construction of inorganic–organic hybrid polymers because of its distinctive properties, including a high atomic refractive index, strong X-ray attenuation, and pronounced heavy-atom effects. In addition, representative bismuth compounds are relatively inexpensive and exhibit low toxicity. However, a major challenge lies in the intrinsic weakness of Bi–C bonds, necessitating careful molecular design to achieve stable bismuth-containing functional polymers. This Focus Review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of such polymers and discusses their unique properties, including a high refractive index, effective X-ray shielding, and characteristic phosphorescence.</p>

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Bismuth-containing functional polymers: Molecular design strategies and synthetic challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Yoshimasa Matsumura

摘要

All isotopes of bismuth are radioactive; however, the most abundant isotope, ²⁰⁹Bi, possesses an extraordinarily long half-life of 1.9 × 10¹⁹ yr, rendering it effectively stable for practical applications. Bismuth is an attractive heavy element for the construction of inorganic–organic hybrid polymers because of its distinctive properties, including a high atomic refractive index, strong X-ray attenuation, and pronounced heavy-atom effects. In addition, representative bismuth compounds are relatively inexpensive and exhibit low toxicity. However, a major challenge lies in the intrinsic weakness of Bi–C bonds, necessitating careful molecular design to achieve stable bismuth-containing functional polymers. This Focus Review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of such polymers and discusses their unique properties, including a high refractive index, effective X-ray shielding, and characteristic phosphorescence.