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<p>Apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) was traditionally defined as a scaffold protein in mammalian cells for assembling a caspase activation platform known as the ‘apoptosome’ after its binding to cytochrome <i>c</i>. Although Apaf-1 structurally resembles animal NOD-like receptor (NLR) and plant resistance (<i>R</i>) proteins, whether it is directly involved in innate immunity is still largely unknown. Here, we found that Apaf-1-like molecules from lancelets, fruit flies, mice, and humans have conserved DNA sensing functionality. Mechanistically, mammalian Apaf-1 recruits receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2, also known as RIPK2) via its WD40 repeat domain and promotes RIP2 oligomerization to initiate NF-κB-driven inflammation upon cytoplasmic DNA recognition. Furthermore, DNA binding of Apaf-1 determines cell fate by switching the cellular processes between intrinsic stimuli-activated apoptosis and inflammation. These findings suggest that Apaf-1 is an evolutionarily conserved DNA sensor and may serve as a cell fate checkpoint, which determines whether cells initiate inflammation or undergo apoptosis by distinct ligand binding.</p>

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Apaf-1 is an evolutionarily conserved DNA sensor that switches the cell fate between apoptosis and inflammation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月21日

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  • Jie Ruan,
  • Xuxia Wei,
  • Suizhi Li,
  • Zijian Ye,
  • Linyi Hu,
  • Ru Zhuang,
  • Yange Cao,
  • Shaozhou Wang,
  • Shengpeng Wu,
  • Dezhi Peng,
  • Shangwu Chen,
  • Shaochun Yuan,
  • Anlong Xu

摘要

Apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) was traditionally defined as a scaffold protein in mammalian cells for assembling a caspase activation platform known as the ‘apoptosome’ after its binding to cytochrome c. Although Apaf-1 structurally resembles animal NOD-like receptor (NLR) and plant resistance (R) proteins, whether it is directly involved in innate immunity is still largely unknown. Here, we found that Apaf-1-like molecules from lancelets, fruit flies, mice, and humans have conserved DNA sensing functionality. Mechanistically, mammalian Apaf-1 recruits receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2, also known as RIPK2) via its WD40 repeat domain and promotes RIP2 oligomerization to initiate NF-κB-driven inflammation upon cytoplasmic DNA recognition. Furthermore, DNA binding of Apaf-1 determines cell fate by switching the cellular processes between intrinsic stimuli-activated apoptosis and inflammation. These findings suggest that Apaf-1 is an evolutionarily conserved DNA sensor and may serve as a cell fate checkpoint, which determines whether cells initiate inflammation or undergo apoptosis by distinct ligand binding.