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<p>Organoid models are powerful tools for evaluating cancer immunotherapy that provide a more accurate representation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and immune responses than traditional models. This review focuses on the latest advancements in organoid technologies, including immune cell co-culture, 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic systems, which enhance the modelling of TME and facilitate the assessment of immune therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), CAR-T therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Although these models have great potential in personalised cancer treatment, challenges persist in immune cell diversity, long-term culture stability, and reproducibility. Future developments integrating artificial intelligence (AI), multi-omics, and high-throughput platforms are expected to improve the predictive power of organoid models and accelerate the clinical translation of immunotherapy.</p>

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Breakthroughs and challenges of organoid models for assessing cancer immunotherapy: a cutting-edge tool for advancing personalised treatments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月7日

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  • Qian Wang,
  • Fangwei Yuan,
  • Xianglin Zuo,
  • Ming Li

摘要

Organoid models are powerful tools for evaluating cancer immunotherapy that provide a more accurate representation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and immune responses than traditional models. This review focuses on the latest advancements in organoid technologies, including immune cell co-culture, 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic systems, which enhance the modelling of TME and facilitate the assessment of immune therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), CAR-T therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Although these models have great potential in personalised cancer treatment, challenges persist in immune cell diversity, long-term culture stability, and reproducibility. Future developments integrating artificial intelligence (AI), multi-omics, and high-throughput platforms are expected to improve the predictive power of organoid models and accelerate the clinical translation of immunotherapy.