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Background <p>Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with poor overall survival (OS). The mechanism underlying the progression of GC needs to be investigated in depth.</p> Methods <p>Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Stomach Adenocarcinoma (STAD) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets in GC. The function of INHBA in GC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Dual-luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and western blot assays were performed to identify the target transcription factors. Immune cell infiltration was assessed using CIBERSORT algorithms. M2 macrophage polarization induced by INHBA was detected in vitro. The expression levels of downstream target genes of INHBA were measured at mRNA and protein levels.</p> Results <p>INHBA was upregulated in GC cells, and high expression of INHBA was associated with poor OS. INHBA was able to promote GC cell migration, invasion, and tumor metastasis and growth. INHBA expression was upregulated by the transcription factor C/EBPβ. Moreover, INHBA in GC cells mediated M2 macrophage polarization. Of note, our data showed that INHBA activated PI3K/AKT pathway and formed a PI3K/AKT/TGF-β positive feedback loop to promote tumor progression.</p> Conclusions <p>High INHBA expression predicts poor survival of GC patients. INHBA, upregulated by C/EBPβ, induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote tumor metastasis and growth via activating PI3K/AKT pathway in GC. INHBA may be a potential therapeutic target for GC.</p>

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INHBA, regulated by C/EBPβ, induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote tumor metastasis and growth via activating the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastric cancer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Duan-Bo Shi,
  • Yong-Chao Qin,
  • Sen Liu,
  • Rui-nan Zhao,
  • Jun-Yi He,
  • Ran-Ran Ma,
  • Peng Gao

摘要

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with poor overall survival (OS). The mechanism underlying the progression of GC needs to be investigated in depth.

Methods

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Stomach Adenocarcinoma (STAD) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets in GC. The function of INHBA in GC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Dual-luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and western blot assays were performed to identify the target transcription factors. Immune cell infiltration was assessed using CIBERSORT algorithms. M2 macrophage polarization induced by INHBA was detected in vitro. The expression levels of downstream target genes of INHBA were measured at mRNA and protein levels.

Results

INHBA was upregulated in GC cells, and high expression of INHBA was associated with poor OS. INHBA was able to promote GC cell migration, invasion, and tumor metastasis and growth. INHBA expression was upregulated by the transcription factor C/EBPβ. Moreover, INHBA in GC cells mediated M2 macrophage polarization. Of note, our data showed that INHBA activated PI3K/AKT pathway and formed a PI3K/AKT/TGF-β positive feedback loop to promote tumor progression.

Conclusions

High INHBA expression predicts poor survival of GC patients. INHBA, upregulated by C/EBPβ, induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote tumor metastasis and growth via activating PI3K/AKT pathway in GC. INHBA may be a potential therapeutic target for GC.