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<p>A ketogenic diet (KD) has shown promise as an adjunctive therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined tolerance for a KD in young adults with MDD and assessed symptoms of depression and metabolic health. Students (<i>n</i> = 24) with a confirmed diagnosis of MDD at baseline receiving standard of care counseling and/or medication treatment were enrolled in a 10–12 week KD intervention that included partial provision of ketogenic-appropriate food items, frequent dietary counseling, and daily morning tracking of capillary <i>R</i>-beta-hydroxybutyrate (<i>R</i>-BHB). Primary outcome measures for mood symptoms included the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). Additional outcomes included body composition, neurocognitive function, and blood hormonal and inflammatory markers. Sixteen students (10 women, 6 men, mean age 24 yr) completed the intervention. Nutritional ketosis (<i>R</i>-BHB &gt; 0.5 mM) was achieved 73% of the time. Depressive symptoms decreased by 69% (PHQ-9) and 71% (HRSD) post-intervention (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with improvement occurring within 2–6 weeks. Global well-being increased nearly 3-fold (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Participants lost body mass (−6.2%; <i>p</i> = 0.002) and fat mass (−13.0%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Serum leptin decreased (−52%; <i>p</i> = 0.009) and brain-derived neurotropic factor increased (+32%; <i>p</i> = 0.029). Performance improved on several cognitive tasks. In students with mild to moderate depression based on PHQ-9 and HRSD, implementation of a WFKD for 10–12 weeks is a feasible adjunctive therapy and may be associated with improvements in depression symptoms, well-being, body composition, and cognition.</p>

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A pilot study examining a ketogenic diet as an adjunct therapy in college students with major depressive disorder

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月10日

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  • Drew D. Decker,
  • Ryan Patel,
  • Jennifer Cheavens,
  • Scott M. Hayes,
  • Whitney Whitted,
  • Ann J. Lee,
  • Alex Buga,
  • Bradley T. Robinson,
  • Christopher D. Crabtree,
  • Madison L. Kackley,
  • Justen T. Stoner,
  • Teryn N. Sapper,
  • Ashwini Chebbi,
  • Jeff S. Volek

摘要

A ketogenic diet (KD) has shown promise as an adjunctive therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined tolerance for a KD in young adults with MDD and assessed symptoms of depression and metabolic health. Students (n = 24) with a confirmed diagnosis of MDD at baseline receiving standard of care counseling and/or medication treatment were enrolled in a 10–12 week KD intervention that included partial provision of ketogenic-appropriate food items, frequent dietary counseling, and daily morning tracking of capillary R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-BHB). Primary outcome measures for mood symptoms included the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). Additional outcomes included body composition, neurocognitive function, and blood hormonal and inflammatory markers. Sixteen students (10 women, 6 men, mean age 24 yr) completed the intervention. Nutritional ketosis (R-BHB > 0.5 mM) was achieved 73% of the time. Depressive symptoms decreased by 69% (PHQ-9) and 71% (HRSD) post-intervention (p < 0.001), with improvement occurring within 2–6 weeks. Global well-being increased nearly 3-fold (p < 0.001). Participants lost body mass (−6.2%; p = 0.002) and fat mass (−13.0%; p < 0.001). Serum leptin decreased (−52%; p = 0.009) and brain-derived neurotropic factor increased (+32%; p = 0.029). Performance improved on several cognitive tasks. In students with mild to moderate depression based on PHQ-9 and HRSD, implementation of a WFKD for 10–12 weeks is a feasible adjunctive therapy and may be associated with improvements in depression symptoms, well-being, body composition, and cognition.