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Background <p>Survivors of CHD are at elevated risk for neurodevelopmental impairments and functional implications at the transition to adulthood. This study examined whether early neurodevelopmental indicators predict attainment of a driver’s license in early adulthood—a real-world milestone for independence—among CHD survivors.</p> Methods <p>This prospective longitudinal cohort study followed children who had surgical treatment for CHD into adulthood. Standardized neurodevelopmental assessments were conducted at age 4 years, including measures of executive function, attention, processing speed and visuomotor function. Participants were followed into young adulthood (ages 18–21), at which time they self-reported whether they had obtained a driver’s license or learner’s permit. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between early cognitive measures and licensure outcome, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates.</p> Results <p>Analysis included 119 participants who completed both the age-four assessment and follow-up survey in young adulthood. In adjusted models, better inhibition and visuo-motor skills at age four were significantly associated with higher likelihood of driving later: inhibition odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95% CI, 1.12–1.78, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01; visuo-motor OR = 1.06, 95% CI, 1.01–1.11, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05.</p> Conclusion <p>High-level executive and motor control capacities in early childhood were a meaningful predictor of driving in young adulthood among CHD survivors.</p> Impact <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>High level cognitive and motor control—specifically inhibition and visuo-motor skills—at age four were significantly associated with higher likelihood of driving measured at the transition to adulthood.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Early identification of children at elevated risk for neurodevelopmental impairment—particularly those with visuo-motor or inhibition challenges—may allow for timely and targeted support towards improving later life functional outcomes.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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Early neurodevelopment predicts driving experience in early adulthood in a congenital heart disease cohort

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Keith S. Baxelbaum,
  • Nancy Burnham,
  • Lyla Hampton,
  • Joshua Fischer,
  • Tyler Kuni,
  • Madisen Harvey,
  • Nasser Douge,
  • J. William Gaynor,
  • Elizabeth A. Walshe

摘要

Background

Survivors of CHD are at elevated risk for neurodevelopmental impairments and functional implications at the transition to adulthood. This study examined whether early neurodevelopmental indicators predict attainment of a driver’s license in early adulthood—a real-world milestone for independence—among CHD survivors.

Methods

This prospective longitudinal cohort study followed children who had surgical treatment for CHD into adulthood. Standardized neurodevelopmental assessments were conducted at age 4 years, including measures of executive function, attention, processing speed and visuomotor function. Participants were followed into young adulthood (ages 18–21), at which time they self-reported whether they had obtained a driver’s license or learner’s permit. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between early cognitive measures and licensure outcome, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates.

Results

Analysis included 119 participants who completed both the age-four assessment and follow-up survey in young adulthood. In adjusted models, better inhibition and visuo-motor skills at age four were significantly associated with higher likelihood of driving later: inhibition odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95% CI, 1.12–1.78, p < 0.01; visuo-motor OR = 1.06, 95% CI, 1.01–1.11, p < 0.05.

Conclusion

High-level executive and motor control capacities in early childhood were a meaningful predictor of driving in young adulthood among CHD survivors.

Impact

High level cognitive and motor control—specifically inhibition and visuo-motor skills—at age four were significantly associated with higher likelihood of driving measured at the transition to adulthood.

Early identification of children at elevated risk for neurodevelopmental impairment—particularly those with visuo-motor or inhibition challenges—may allow for timely and targeted support towards improving later life functional outcomes.