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<p>Twin studies reveal high genetic overlap between anxiety disorders and depression, contributing to the internalising spectrum. Some genetic specificity for fear-based anxiety disorders (fear), distinct from general anxiety and depression (distress), has also emerged. Limited datasets with detailed phenotyping across anxiety disorders have restricted most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to “any anxiety diagnosis”. Additional genome-wide evidence to discern genetic differences between fear and distress is required. We conducted GWAS meta-analyses of fear (panic, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), measured using brief single-item and detailed symptom-based diagnoses from three datasets. We explored two control group criteria: phenotype-specific (fear/GAD) or broader anxiety/depression screening. We identified one independent genome-wide significant locus and three gene-level associations with fear (up to 35,523 N<sub>cases</sub>; 157,447 N<sub>controls</sub>). Four genome-wide significant loci and three gene-level associations were identified for GAD (up to 60,879 N<sub>cases</sub>; 117,064 N<sub>controls</sub>). The genetic correlation between fear and GAD was significantly different from unity only when excluding a depression-enriched dataset and using phenotype-specific control screening (r<sub>g</sub> = 0.87; P = 9.32 × 10<sup>−3</sup>). Most complex traits had statistically similar genetic correlations with fear and GAD, including depression. Exceptions included general cognitive ability, educational attainment, and coronary artery disease, showing statistically stronger genetic correlations with fear than GAD, while bipolar disorder type I, anorexia nervosa, and neuroticism displayed the opposite pattern. Our findings partially support a distress-fear genetic distinction, but show stronger evidence for an overarching genetic liability to internalising psychopathology driving comorbidity across anxiety disorders and depression.</p>

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Genome-wide genetic overlap between fear-based disorders and generalised anxiety disorder

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Abigail R. ter Kuile,
  • Brittany L. Mitchell,
  • Sang Hyuck Lee,
  • Geneviève Morneau-Vaillancourt,
  • Megan Skelton,
  • Jonathan R. I. Coleman,
  • Helena L. Davies,
  • Jessica Mundy,
  • Alicia J. Peel,
  • Christopher Hübel,
  • Molly R. Davies,
  • Anna E. Fürtjes,
  • Zain Ahmad,
  • Yuhao Lin,
  • Brett N. Adey,
  • Thomas McGregor,
  • Alish Palmos,
  • Johan Zvrskovec,
  • Matthew Hotopf,
  • Gursharan Kalsi,
  • Daniel J. Smith,
  • David Veale,
  • James T. R. Walters,
  • Chérie Armour,
  • Colette R. Hirsch,
  • Andrew M. McIntosh,
  • Naomi R. Wray,
  • Sarah E. Medland,
  • Enda M. Byrne,
  • Nicholas G. Martin,
  • Nathalie Kingston,
  • John R. Bradley,
  • John R. Bradley,
  • Hannah Stark,
  • Carola Kanz,
  • Alexei Moulton,
  • Nigel Ovington,
  • Jacinta Lee,
  • Debbie Clapham-Riley,
  • Katie Mills,
  • Gerome Breen,
  • Thalia C. Eley

摘要

Twin studies reveal high genetic overlap between anxiety disorders and depression, contributing to the internalising spectrum. Some genetic specificity for fear-based anxiety disorders (fear), distinct from general anxiety and depression (distress), has also emerged. Limited datasets with detailed phenotyping across anxiety disorders have restricted most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to “any anxiety diagnosis”. Additional genome-wide evidence to discern genetic differences between fear and distress is required. We conducted GWAS meta-analyses of fear (panic, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), measured using brief single-item and detailed symptom-based diagnoses from three datasets. We explored two control group criteria: phenotype-specific (fear/GAD) or broader anxiety/depression screening. We identified one independent genome-wide significant locus and three gene-level associations with fear (up to 35,523 Ncases; 157,447 Ncontrols). Four genome-wide significant loci and three gene-level associations were identified for GAD (up to 60,879 Ncases; 117,064 Ncontrols). The genetic correlation between fear and GAD was significantly different from unity only when excluding a depression-enriched dataset and using phenotype-specific control screening (rg = 0.87; P = 9.32 × 10−3). Most complex traits had statistically similar genetic correlations with fear and GAD, including depression. Exceptions included general cognitive ability, educational attainment, and coronary artery disease, showing statistically stronger genetic correlations with fear than GAD, while bipolar disorder type I, anorexia nervosa, and neuroticism displayed the opposite pattern. Our findings partially support a distress-fear genetic distinction, but show stronger evidence for an overarching genetic liability to internalising psychopathology driving comorbidity across anxiety disorders and depression.