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<p>Bosonic bunching is a term used to describe the well-known tendency of bosons to bunch together, and which differentiates their behavior from that of fermions or classical particles. However, in some situations, perfectly indistinguishable bosons may counter-intuitively bunch less than classical, distinguishable particles. Here, we report two such counter-intuitive multiphoton bunching effects observed with three photons in a three-mode balanced photonic Fourier interferometer. In this setting, we show that indistinguishable photons actually minimize the probability of bunching. We also show that any non-trivial value of the three-photon collective photonic phase leads to a decreased probability of all photons ending up in the same mode, even as we increase pairwise indistinguishability. Our experiments feature engineering of partial indistinguishability scenarios using both the time and the polarization photonic degrees of freedom, and a polarization-transparent 8-mode tunable interferometer with a quantum-dot source of single photons. Besides the foundational understanding, the observation of these counter-intuitive phenomena open news perspective in devising more efficient ways of routing photons for advantage in metrology and quantum computation.</p>

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Experimental observation of counter-intuitive features of photonic bunching

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Giovanni Rodari,
  • Carlos Fernandes,
  • Eugenio Caruccio,
  • Alessia Suprano,
  • Francesco Hoch,
  • Taira Giordani,
  • Gonzalo Carvacho,
  • Riccardo Albiero,
  • Niki Di Giano,
  • Giacomo Corrielli,
  • Francesco Ceccarelli,
  • Roberto Osellame,
  • Daniel J. Brod,
  • Leonardo Novo,
  • Nicolò Spagnolo,
  • Ernesto F. Galvão,
  • Fabio Sciarrino

摘要

Bosonic bunching is a term used to describe the well-known tendency of bosons to bunch together, and which differentiates their behavior from that of fermions or classical particles. However, in some situations, perfectly indistinguishable bosons may counter-intuitively bunch less than classical, distinguishable particles. Here, we report two such counter-intuitive multiphoton bunching effects observed with three photons in a three-mode balanced photonic Fourier interferometer. In this setting, we show that indistinguishable photons actually minimize the probability of bunching. We also show that any non-trivial value of the three-photon collective photonic phase leads to a decreased probability of all photons ending up in the same mode, even as we increase pairwise indistinguishability. Our experiments feature engineering of partial indistinguishability scenarios using both the time and the polarization photonic degrees of freedom, and a polarization-transparent 8-mode tunable interferometer with a quantum-dot source of single photons. Besides the foundational understanding, the observation of these counter-intuitive phenomena open news perspective in devising more efficient ways of routing photons for advantage in metrology and quantum computation.