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<p>Near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorophores possess transformative potential for biomedical applications, owing to their deep-tissue penetration, reduced tissue autofluorescence, and low phototoxicity. Recent breakthroughs in molecular engineering have accelerated the development of NIR-II organic small-molecule fluorophores based on versatile scaffolds, including cyanine, boron dipyrromethene, benzobisthiadiazole, xanthene, cyano-based derivatives, and small-molecule metal complexes. This review systematically summarizes the molecular engineering strategies, photophysical properties, and structure-function relationships of NIR-II fluorophores in the last five years. We highlight recent breakthroughs in their theranostic applications, including high-resolution deep-tissue imaging and efficient phototherapeutic modalities such as photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Finally, we present forward-looking perspectives on current challenges and emerging opportunities, aiming to provide insights for promoting continued innovation and clinical translation in this rapidly advancing field.</p>

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Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Dan Xiang,
  • Zhichao Wang,
  • Hongwei Zheng,
  • Yuqi Tang,
  • Quan Li

摘要

Near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorophores possess transformative potential for biomedical applications, owing to their deep-tissue penetration, reduced tissue autofluorescence, and low phototoxicity. Recent breakthroughs in molecular engineering have accelerated the development of NIR-II organic small-molecule fluorophores based on versatile scaffolds, including cyanine, boron dipyrromethene, benzobisthiadiazole, xanthene, cyano-based derivatives, and small-molecule metal complexes. This review systematically summarizes the molecular engineering strategies, photophysical properties, and structure-function relationships of NIR-II fluorophores in the last five years. We highlight recent breakthroughs in their theranostic applications, including high-resolution deep-tissue imaging and efficient phototherapeutic modalities such as photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Finally, we present forward-looking perspectives on current challenges and emerging opportunities, aiming to provide insights for promoting continued innovation and clinical translation in this rapidly advancing field.