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Objective <p>To compare the characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and clinical outcomes among human milk-fed vs. formula-fed infants evaluated for GER disease (GERD).</p> Methods <p>Preterm-born infants (<i>N</i> = 316, 30.1 ± 3.4 weeks gestation) referred for 24-h pH-impedance testing at 39.8 ± 1.4 weeks postmenstrual age. GER characteristics, short- and long-term outcomes were compared between the human milk- vs. formula-fed infants.</p> Results <p>Human milk-fed infants (vs. formula-fed) had a greater acid reflux index (ARI), and an increased number of acid reflux events, prolonged acid events, and greater proximal acid exposure (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). There were no differences (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05) in symptoms, acid clearance, bolus clearance, distal baseline impedance, and discharge outcomes. Bayley composite scores at 2 years were distinct (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) for the distribution (%) of receptive and fine motor skills, favoring human milk-fed infants.</p> Conclusions <p>Despite the pathophysiology caused by acid-GER events, human milk properties may provide better adaptation and modulation of neurosensory and neuromotor responses upon esophageal provocation.</p>

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Distinct gastroesophageal reflux characteristics in preterm-born infants fed human milk versus formula: insights for clinical practice on outcomes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月17日

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  • Erika K. Osborn,
  • Zakia Sultana,
  • Faith Bala,
  • Enas Alshaikh,
  • Sudarshan R. Jadcherla

摘要

Objective

To compare the characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and clinical outcomes among human milk-fed vs. formula-fed infants evaluated for GER disease (GERD).

Methods

Preterm-born infants (N = 316, 30.1 ± 3.4 weeks gestation) referred for 24-h pH-impedance testing at 39.8 ± 1.4 weeks postmenstrual age. GER characteristics, short- and long-term outcomes were compared between the human milk- vs. formula-fed infants.

Results

Human milk-fed infants (vs. formula-fed) had a greater acid reflux index (ARI), and an increased number of acid reflux events, prolonged acid events, and greater proximal acid exposure (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in symptoms, acid clearance, bolus clearance, distal baseline impedance, and discharge outcomes. Bayley composite scores at 2 years were distinct (P < 0.05) for the distribution (%) of receptive and fine motor skills, favoring human milk-fed infants.

Conclusions

Despite the pathophysiology caused by acid-GER events, human milk properties may provide better adaptation and modulation of neurosensory and neuromotor responses upon esophageal provocation.