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Background <p>Organophosphate esters and plasticizers (OPEs) are used in consumer materials to meet flammability standards. Toxicological and epidemiological evidence suggests some OPEs are developmental neurotoxicants.</p> Objective <p>We investigated associations between OPE exposures as measured in house dust and emotional and behavioral problems in young children.</p> Methods <p>We used data from the CHILD Cohort Study (n = 601), a prospective birth cohort recruited in 5 cities across Canada (2008-2012). OPEs were measured in house dust at 3-4 months postpartum, and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which measures emotional and behavioral problems when their child was 5 years. We used logistic regression to examine associations between OPE Z-scores (individual and summed chlorinated [ΣOPE<sub>Cl</sub>] and non-chlorinated [ΣOPE<sub>NCl</sub>]) and CBCL problem scale scores (borderline and clinical T-scores ≥60 and normal &lt;60).</p> Results <p>Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) showed strong, positive associations with CBCL Total and Externalizing scores at or above the clinical cutoff, meaning children with higher levels of TCEP in house dust postpartum had higher odds of developing clinically relevant behavioral problems in early childhood compared to children with lower levels (Total OR<sub>adj</sub>: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.87; Externalizing OR<sub>adj</sub>: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.85). Similarly, 4-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, a Firemaster 550 component, had a strong, positive association with Internalizing scores (OR<sub>adj</sub>: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.51). We observed a weak association between ΣOPE<sub>Cl</sub> and Total scores (Odds Ratio [OR] adjusted: 1.14, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 0.97, 1.33) and null associations for ΣOPE<sub>NCl</sub>. Associations were generally stronger among boys (ΣOPE<sub>Cl</sub> Total OR<sub>adj</sub>: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.68).</p> <p></p> Impact <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are common aspects of our built environment and increasingly recognized as developmental neurotoxicants. Using data from a large Canadian birth cohort, we investigated associations between OPE exposures as measured in house dust postpartum and emotional and behavioral problems in children. We found that levels of two OPE compounds (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and a component of Firemaster 550) were associated with increased odds of clinically relevant behavioral problems in early childhood. This important work underscores the urgent need for public health policies to limit the use of certain OPEs in consumer products to reduce children’s exposure to harmful chemicals.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in house dust and Child Behavior Checklist outcomes: A nested study in the Canadian CHILD Birth Cohort

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Stephanie A. Foster,
  • Molly L. Kile,
  • Perry Hystad,
  • Miriam L. Diamond,
  • Piush J. Mandhane,
  • Theo J. Moraes,
  • Jacqueline Pei,
  • James A. Scott,
  • Elinor Simons,
  • Padmaja Subbarao,
  • Tim K. Takaro,
  • Sukhpreet K. Tamana,
  • Stuart E. Turvey,
  • Jeffrey R. Brook

摘要

Background

Organophosphate esters and plasticizers (OPEs) are used in consumer materials to meet flammability standards. Toxicological and epidemiological evidence suggests some OPEs are developmental neurotoxicants.

Objective

We investigated associations between OPE exposures as measured in house dust and emotional and behavioral problems in young children.

Methods

We used data from the CHILD Cohort Study (n = 601), a prospective birth cohort recruited in 5 cities across Canada (2008-2012). OPEs were measured in house dust at 3-4 months postpartum, and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which measures emotional and behavioral problems when their child was 5 years. We used logistic regression to examine associations between OPE Z-scores (individual and summed chlorinated [ΣOPECl] and non-chlorinated [ΣOPENCl]) and CBCL problem scale scores (borderline and clinical T-scores ≥60 and normal <60).

Results

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) showed strong, positive associations with CBCL Total and Externalizing scores at or above the clinical cutoff, meaning children with higher levels of TCEP in house dust postpartum had higher odds of developing clinically relevant behavioral problems in early childhood compared to children with lower levels (Total ORadj: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.87; Externalizing ORadj: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.85). Similarly, 4-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, a Firemaster 550 component, had a strong, positive association with Internalizing scores (ORadj: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.51). We observed a weak association between ΣOPECl and Total scores (Odds Ratio [OR] adjusted: 1.14, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 0.97, 1.33) and null associations for ΣOPENCl. Associations were generally stronger among boys (ΣOPECl Total ORadj: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.68).

Impact

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are common aspects of our built environment and increasingly recognized as developmental neurotoxicants. Using data from a large Canadian birth cohort, we investigated associations between OPE exposures as measured in house dust postpartum and emotional and behavioral problems in children. We found that levels of two OPE compounds (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and a component of Firemaster 550) were associated with increased odds of clinically relevant behavioral problems in early childhood. This important work underscores the urgent need for public health policies to limit the use of certain OPEs in consumer products to reduce children’s exposure to harmful chemicals.