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<p>This investigation of sandstone weathering degradation focuses on the Shigongsi Grottoes, China. Utilizing micro-analysis (Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS, Raman) and bulk characterization (XRD, Ion Chromatography), we reveal a ternary synergistic weathering mechanism: biotite acidic dissolution, calcite dolomitization, and feldspar kaolinization. Driven by acidic fluids, interlayer K⁺ and octahedral Mg²⁺/Fe²⁺ are leached from biotite, decomposing the Si-Al framework to form secondary kaolinite and hematite. The released Mg²⁺ migrates to the calcite cementation zone, triggering dolomitization—confirmed by increased dolomite Raman peaks and elemental mapping—which induces volume shrinkage and micro-fractures. Simultaneously, feldspar undergoes honeycomb-like alteration along cleavage planes, resulting in volume expansion driven by kaolinization. Ultimately, this study constructs a multistage weathering model, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the deterioration mechanisms of sandstone relics and developing targeted conservation technologies.</p>

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The weathering mechanism of sandstone in Shigongsi Grottoes excavated at Northern Wei Dynasty, Huating, Gansu Province, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Jialiang Luo,
  • Zheng Zhou,
  • Changjiao Xu,
  • Xiaoqiang Wang,
  • Peize Han,
  • Zhihua Gan,
  • Qinglin Ma

摘要

This investigation of sandstone weathering degradation focuses on the Shigongsi Grottoes, China. Utilizing micro-analysis (Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS, Raman) and bulk characterization (XRD, Ion Chromatography), we reveal a ternary synergistic weathering mechanism: biotite acidic dissolution, calcite dolomitization, and feldspar kaolinization. Driven by acidic fluids, interlayer K⁺ and octahedral Mg²⁺/Fe²⁺ are leached from biotite, decomposing the Si-Al framework to form secondary kaolinite and hematite. The released Mg²⁺ migrates to the calcite cementation zone, triggering dolomitization—confirmed by increased dolomite Raman peaks and elemental mapping—which induces volume shrinkage and micro-fractures. Simultaneously, feldspar undergoes honeycomb-like alteration along cleavage planes, resulting in volume expansion driven by kaolinization. Ultimately, this study constructs a multistage weathering model, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the deterioration mechanisms of sandstone relics and developing targeted conservation technologies.