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<p>The polychrome officer figurines from Pit K0006 of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor provide critical evidence for understanding Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) ceramic and pigment technology. Here we present a multi-analytical investigation of twelve excavated figurines, analyzing eighteen pigment samples and fourteen ceramic body fragments using polarized light microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRF, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and thermal expansion analysis. The figurines exhibit a two-layer polychromy system comprising a urushi lacquer ground and mineral pigment layers, including cinnabar, malachite, azurite, hydroxyapatite white, and carbon black. Ceramic bodies consist of quartz-rich silty clay with feldspar temper, fired at 975–1081 °C. Comparative analysis with the Terracotta Warriors from Pits 1 and 2 reveals that K0006 figurines follow standardized Qin production protocols while exhibiting reduced scale and simplified pigment palette in scale, pigment selection, and lacquer application. These findings elucidate the hierarchical organization and technical standardization of imperial Qin workshop production.</p>

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Multi-analytical study of polychrome officer figurines from Qin Mausoleum Pit K0006

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Bo Rong,
  • Siyue Song,
  • Qiang Li,
  • Jian Fu,
  • Wenbin Shao,
  • Hongjie Luo,
  • Tian Wang

摘要

The polychrome officer figurines from Pit K0006 of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor provide critical evidence for understanding Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) ceramic and pigment technology. Here we present a multi-analytical investigation of twelve excavated figurines, analyzing eighteen pigment samples and fourteen ceramic body fragments using polarized light microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRF, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and thermal expansion analysis. The figurines exhibit a two-layer polychromy system comprising a urushi lacquer ground and mineral pigment layers, including cinnabar, malachite, azurite, hydroxyapatite white, and carbon black. Ceramic bodies consist of quartz-rich silty clay with feldspar temper, fired at 975–1081 °C. Comparative analysis with the Terracotta Warriors from Pits 1 and 2 reveals that K0006 figurines follow standardized Qin production protocols while exhibiting reduced scale and simplified pigment palette in scale, pigment selection, and lacquer application. These findings elucidate the hierarchical organization and technical standardization of imperial Qin workshop production.