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<p>Over recent decades, efforts to reduce the taking of micro-samples have driven the development of non-invasive, macro-scale spectral imaging techniques. This approach was central to the research phase of <i>Operation Night Watch</i>, the extensive conservation project on Rembrandt’s <i>The Night Watch</i> (1642), combining macro-scale imaging techniques with targeted sample analysis before conservation treatments. Red lake pigments are a key component of Rembrandt’s palette and are widely found in the painting, and their analysis remains challenging. This study aims to map red lakes in <i>The Night Watch</i> using macro-scale X-ray fluorescence imaging spectroscopy (MA-XRF) and visible-to-near-infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS-VNIR), and to determine whether they were applied as glazes over or mixed with vermilion. Principal component analysis (PCA) of selected RIS-VNIR spectra, supported by paint models and cross-section comparisons, demonstrates that the red lake application method can be determined from RIS, and the results offer insights into Rembrandt’s artistic choices.</p>

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Unveiling Rembrandt’s use of red lake pigments in The Night Watch by bi-modal imaging spectroscopy approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • F. Gabrieli,
  • J. K. Delaney,
  • A. van Loon,
  • H. Krumm,
  • K. Keune

摘要

Over recent decades, efforts to reduce the taking of micro-samples have driven the development of non-invasive, macro-scale spectral imaging techniques. This approach was central to the research phase of Operation Night Watch, the extensive conservation project on Rembrandt’s The Night Watch (1642), combining macro-scale imaging techniques with targeted sample analysis before conservation treatments. Red lake pigments are a key component of Rembrandt’s palette and are widely found in the painting, and their analysis remains challenging. This study aims to map red lakes in The Night Watch using macro-scale X-ray fluorescence imaging spectroscopy (MA-XRF) and visible-to-near-infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS-VNIR), and to determine whether they were applied as glazes over or mixed with vermilion. Principal component analysis (PCA) of selected RIS-VNIR spectra, supported by paint models and cross-section comparisons, demonstrates that the red lake application method can be determined from RIS, and the results offer insights into Rembrandt’s artistic choices.