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<p>This work analyses the composition of inorganic pigments used in Kerala mural and <i>theyyam</i> folk art, two traditional art forms of Kerala, a South Indian state renowned for its rich cultural heritage. Focusing on samples directly sourced from practicing artists, a multi-analytical approach by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Confocal Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) was applied. The results pointed out a restricted palette based on natural minerals, together with evidence of the adoption of synthetic pigments and inorganic additives. Among the identifications are the blue pigment: Prussian blue (Fe<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>3</sub>), the red pigments: red ochre (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and cinnabar (HgS), the orange pigment: minium (Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), and the yellow pigments: orpiment (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) and yellow ochre ((α-FeO(OH)). The results offer a chemical reference for conservation and underline both the evolution and continuity in pigments of these art forms of Kerala.</p>

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A multi-analytical investigation of inorganic pigments’ composition in Kerala mural and Theyyam folk art

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Padmashree Anand,
  • Anagha Balaji,
  • Mrinalini Mani

摘要

This work analyses the composition of inorganic pigments used in Kerala mural and theyyam folk art, two traditional art forms of Kerala, a South Indian state renowned for its rich cultural heritage. Focusing on samples directly sourced from practicing artists, a multi-analytical approach by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Confocal Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) was applied. The results pointed out a restricted palette based on natural minerals, together with evidence of the adoption of synthetic pigments and inorganic additives. Among the identifications are the blue pigment: Prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3), the red pigments: red ochre (Fe2O3) and cinnabar (HgS), the orange pigment: minium (Pb3O4), and the yellow pigments: orpiment (As2S3) and yellow ochre ((α-FeO(OH)). The results offer a chemical reference for conservation and underline both the evolution and continuity in pigments of these art forms of Kerala.